Professor Richard P Bagozzi

Brand Coolness

• Journal of Marketing
• June 2019

Framing a trust game as a power game greatly affects interbrain synchronicity between t...

• Social Neuroscience
• January 2019

Facial Attractiveness as a Function of Athletic Prowess

• Evolutionary Psychology
• July 2018

Social Consumer Neuroscience: Neurophysiological Measures of Advertising Effectiveness ...

• Journal of Advertising
• July 2017

The Role of Anticipated Emotions in Purchase Intentions

• Psychology and Marketing
• July 2016

Customer participation in corporate social responsibility programs

• Cornell Hospitality Quarterly
• December 2015

Key Informant Models for Measuring Group-level Variables in Small Groups

• Sociological Methods & Research
• November 2015

Merely Being with You Increases My Attention to Luxury Products: Using EEG to Understan...

• Journal of Marketing Research
• August 2015

Effects of company offshoring practices

• Management Decision
• April 2015

Reputation and identity congruence in employer attractiveness

• Marketing Intelligence & Planning
• April 2015

���Give Me Happiness��� or ���Take Away My Pain���: Explaining consumer responses to pr...

• Cogent Business & Management
• March 2015

Consumer Responses to Reshoring Strategies

• Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
• February 2015

Erratum to: Corporate Socially Responsible Initiatives and Their Effects on Consumption...

• Journal of Business Ethics
• January 2015

Consumer participation in the design and realization stages of production: How self-pro...

• International Journal of Research in Marketing
• December 2014

Corporate Socially Responsible Initiatives and Their Effects on Consumption of Green Pr...

• Journal of Business Ethics
• November 2014

Ethical Consumerism: Movement From Desire to Decision to Buy Green

• October 2014

The Role of Moral Emotions and Consumer Values and Traits in the Decision to Support No...

• Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing
• October 2014

The role of moral emotions and individual differences in consumer responses to corporat...

• Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
• July 2014

“I am resting but rest less well with you.” The moderating effect of anxious attach...

• Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
• July 2014

Make it Your Own: How Process Valence and Self-Construal Affect Evaluation of Self-Made...

• Psychology and Marketing
• April 2014

Salespersons as Internal Knowledge Brokers and New Products Selling: Discovering the Li...

• Journal of Product Innovation Management
• March 2014

Attachment Style Scales

• January 2014

The role of attachment styles in regulating the effects of dopamine on the behavior of ...

• Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
• January 2014

Comparisons of Health Care Utilization Outcomes in Children With Asthma Enrolled in Pri...

• Journal of Pediatric Health Care
• January 2014

Consumer responses to corporate wrongdoing

• Psychology and Marketing
• October 2013

Consumer response to corporate irresponsible behavior: Moral emotions and virtues

• Journal of Business Research
• October 2013

Psychometric vs. C-OAR-SE measures of brand love: A reply to Rossiter

• Marketing Letters
• July 2013

Brand community membership and the construction of meaning

• Scandinavian Journal of Management
• June 2013

Company Offshoring Strategies and Consumer Responses

• Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
• May 2013

Emerging Materialism in China: Qualitative and Quantitative Insights

• Journal of International Consumer Marketing
• May 2013

Consumer Reactions to Corporate Social Responsibility Questionnaire

• January 2013

Explanatory models of we-intentions: A longitudinal study in the Italian context

• January 2013

Polymorphisms of the OXTR gene explain why sales professionals love to help customers

• Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
• January 2013

Cognitive, Emotional, and Sociocultural Processes in Consumption

• Psychology and Marketing
• December 2012

Comparative Performance of Comorbidity Indices in Predicting Health Care-Related Behavi...

• Population Health Management
• August 2012

Alternative approaches for thinking about and modeling consumer decisions in relationships

• Journal of Consumer Psychology
• July 2012

Social foundations of emotions in family consumption decision making

• Social Influence
• July 2012

Explaining Consumer Reactions to Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Gratitude...

• Journal of Business Ethics
• May 2012

Brand Love

• Journal of Marketing
• March 2012

Social influence in newly formed groups: The roles of personal and social intentions, g...

• Personality and Individual Differences
• February 2012

Customer–organization relationships: Development and test of a theory of extended ident...

• Journal of Applied Psychology
• January 2012

Examining determinants of self management behaviors in patients with diabetes: An appli...

• Patient Education and Counseling
• November 2011

Exploring the Minds of Managers

• August 2011

Use of structural equation models

• Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
• August 2011

fMRI Activities in the Emotional Cerebellum: A Preference for Negative Stimuli and Goal...

• The Cerebellum
• July 2011

Genetic and neurological foundations of customer orientation: field and experimental ev...

• Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
• July 2011

Gaining Access to Intrafirm Knowledge: An Internal Market Perspective on Knowledge Sharing

• Human Performance
• July 2011

Comparative Performance of Comorbidity Indices in Discriminating Health-related Behavio...

• Health Outcomes Research in Medicine
• May 2011

Alternative Perspectives in Philosophy of Mind and Their Relationship to Structural Equ...

• Psychological Inquiry
• April 2011

The double edged sword: Consumers' perception of prideful behavior and product evaluation

• January 2011

The making of the Machiavellian brain: A structural MRI analysis.

• Journal of Neuroscience Psychology and Economics
• January 2011

Reflections on a Scholarly Career: From Inside Out and Back Again

• January 2011

Consumer Desire

• December 2010

Consumer Intentions

• December 2010

The role of emotional wisdom in salespersons' relationships with colleagues and customers

• Psychology and Marketing
• October 2010

Global Brands in the United States: How Consumer Ethnicity Mediates the Global Brand Ef...

• Journal of International Marketing
• September 2010

A simple and promising tool to improve self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients wit...

• Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
• July 2010

Decision-making about the use of hormone therapy among perimenopausal women

• British Journal of Health Psychology
• May 2010

When planning is not enough: The self-regulatory effect of implementation intentions on...

• Health Psychology
• May 2010

Psychological capital and authentic leadership

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration
• April 2010

Structural equation models are modelling tools with many ambiguities: Comments acknowle...

• Journal of Consumer Psychology
• April 2010

Communication, utilization, and performance in international strategic alliances

• International Journal of Commerce and Management
• March 2010

Hierarchical Motive Structures and Their Role in Moral Choices

• January 2010

Neuroscience in Marketing Research

• Marketing ZFP
• January 2010

Hierarchical Motive Structures and Their Role in Moral Choices

• Journal of Business Ethics
• December 2009

Why We Do Things Together with Others: Goal Directed Behavior and Group Identity

• Journal of Consumption Culture
• December 2009

A Sales Force–Specific Theory-of-Mind Scale: Tests of Its Validity by Classical Methods...

• Journal of Marketing Research
• October 2009

Social Influence of Attitude: The Effect of Group Identity on Group Intention

• Journal of Consumption Culture
• March 2009

Facing Ethical Challenges in the Workplace: Conceptualizing and Measuring Professional ...

• Journal of Business Ethics
• January 2009

Environmental proactivity and performance

• January 2009

Some insights on visual and verbal processing strategies

• Journal of Consumer Psychology
• October 2008

MAKING SENSE OF ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIONS WITH VIRTUE FRAMES AND ITS LINKS TO ORGANIZATION...

• August 2008

PMC51 MEDICATION ADHERENCE: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW

• Value in Health
• May 2008

Future-oriented emotions: conceptualization and behavioral effects

• European Journal of Social Psychology
• January 2008

Trying to prosume: toward a theory of consumers as co-creators of value

• Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
• August 2007

On the meaning of formative measurement and how it differs from reflective measurement:...

• Psychological Methods
• June 2007

Moral courage in the workplace: moving to and from the desire and decision to act

• Business Ethics A European Review
• April 2007

Antecedents and Consequences of Online Social Interactions

• Media Psychology
• March 2007

How formulating implementation plans and remembering past actions facilitate the enactm...

• Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
• January 2007

When Customers Think Differently: A Customer-side Categorization Approach to Strategic ...

• Marketing ZFP
• January 2007

The role of social and self‐conscious emotions in the regulation of business‐to‐busines...

• Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing
• December 2006

The hierarchical cognitive structure of entrepreneur motivation toward private equity f...

• Venture Capital
• July 2006

Open Source Software User Communities: A Study of Participation in Linux User Groups

• Management Science
• July 2006

Individual and Group Bases of Social Influence in Online Environments

• Media Psychology
• May 2006

The role of key account programs, trust, and brand strength on resource allocation in t...

• European Journal of Marketing
• May 2006

Antecedents and purchase consequences of customer participation in small group brand co...

• International Journal of Research in Marketing
• March 2006

The Role of Regulatory Focus in the Experience and Self-Control of Desire for Temptations

• Journal of Consumer Psychology
• January 2006

Millennium Change Predictions, Intentions, Outcomes, and Behaviors Questionnaire

• January 2006

Goal hierarchies as antecedents of market structure

• Psychology and Marketing
• January 2006

Consumer Action

• January 2006

Blood Pressure Attitudes Measure

• January 2006

Biased memory for prior decision making: Evidence from a longitudinal field study

• Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
• January 2006

Making Sense of Organizational Actions with Virtue Frames and Its Links to Organization...

• Journal of Management Spirituality & Religion
• January 2006

Emotions and decision making: Regulatory focus moderates the influence of anticipated e...

• Cognition & Emotion
• December 2005

Economics, Psychology, and Social Dynamics of Consumer Bidding in Auctions

• Marketing Letters
• December 2005

The role of desires in sequential impulsive choices

• Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
• November 2005

Decision making and effort in the self-regulation of hypertension: Testing two competin...

• British Journal of Health Psychology
• November 2005

How Can Marketers Overcome Consumer Resistance to Innovations?

• Journal of Global Academy of Marketing Science
• November 2005

Emotional intensity as a function of psychological distance and cultural orientation

• Journal of Business Research
• April 2005

Socializing Marketing

• Marketing ZFP
• January 2005

A self-regulatory model of consideration set formation

• Psychology and Marketing
• January 2005

Inter-role Relationships in Hospital-based Pharmacy and Therapeutics Co...

• Journal of Health Psychology
• January 2005

Self-Control and the Self-Regulation of Dieting Decisions: The Role of Prefactual Attit...

• Basic and Applied Social Psychology
• September 2004

A social influence model of consumer participation in network- and small-group-based vi...

• International Journal of Research in Marketing
• September 2004

Self-Control and the Self-Regulation of Dieting Decisions: The Role of Prefactual Attit...

• Basic and Applied Social Psychology
• September 2004

The distinction between desires and intentions

• European Journal of Social Psychology
• January 2004

A cross-media content analysis of motivational themes in direct-to-consumer prescriptio...

• Clinical Therapeutics
• January 2004

Exploring the role of self- and customer-provoked embarrassment in personal selling

• International Journal of Research in Marketing
• September 2003

Elicitation of Motives Questionnaire

• January 2003

How effortful decisions get enacted: the motivating role of decision processes, desires...

• Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
• January 2003

Hierarchical representation of motives in goal setting.

• Journal of Applied Psychology
• January 2003

Validating the Relationship Qualities of Influence and Persuasion With the Family Socia...

• Human Communication Research
• January 2003

Culture moderates the self-regulation of shame and its effects on performance: The case...

• Journal of Applied Psychology
• January 2003

Multiple Routes for Social Influence: The Role of Compliance, Internalization, and Soci...

• Social Psychology Quarterly
• September 2002

A situational analysis on how salespeople experience and cope with shame and embarrassment

• Psychology and Marketing
• August 2002

Intentional social action in virtual communities

• Journal of Interactive Marketing
• January 2002

An Attitudinal Model of Technology-Based Self-Service: Moderating Effects of Consumer T...

• Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
• January 2002

Mustering motivation to enact decisions: how decision process characteristics influence...

• Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
• January 2002

The role of desires and anticipated emotions in goal-directed behaviours: Broadening an...

• British Journal of Social Psychology
• March 2001

Consequences of the Black Sense of Self

• Journal of Black Psychology
• February 2001

Identification with Political Figures/Celebrities Measure

• January 2001

African American Attitudes Questionnaire

• January 2001

Perception of Race Relations Measure

• January 2001

Structural Equations Modeling

• Journal of Consumer Psychology
• January 2001

Construct validity and generalizability of the Carver-White behavioural inhibition syst...

• European Journal of Personality
• January 2001

Examining the Activities of Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committees: An Exploratory Study

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management
• January 2001

Decisions to donate bone marrow: The role of attitudes and subjective norms across cult...

• Psychology & Health
• January 2001

On the Concept of Intentional Social Action in Consumer Behavior: Figure 1

• Journal of Consumer Research
• December 2000

Self-categorization, affective commitment and group self-esteem as distinct aspects of ...

• British Journal of Social Psychology
• December 2000

Discursive psychology: An alternative conceptual foundation to means-end chain theory

• Psychology and Marketing
• July 2000

Sales Call Anxiety: Exploring What It Means When Fear Rules a Sales Encounter

• Journal of Marketing
• July 2000

The poverty of economic explanations of consumption and an action theory alternative

• Managerial and Decision Economics
• April 2000

Cultural and Situational Contingencies and the Theory of Reasoned Action: Application t...

• Journal of Consumer Psychology
• April 2000

Goal-striving and the implementation of goal intentions in the regulation of body weight

• Psychology & Health
• March 2000

The year 2000: Looking forward

• Psychology and Marketing
• January 2000

The year 2000: Looking forward

• Psychology and Marketing
• January 2000

On the nature and direction of relationships between constructs and measures.

• Psychological Methods
• January 2000

The year 2000: Looking back

• Psychology and Marketing
• December 1999

The year 2000: Looking back

• Psychology and Marketing
• December 1999

The Role of Culture and Gender in the Relationship between Positive and Negative Affect

• Cognition & Emotion
• October 1999

Testing the Equivalence of the Socialization Factor Structure for Criminals and Noncrim...

• Journal of Personality Assessment
• February 1999

Goal Setting and Goal Striving in Consumer Behavior

• Journal of Marketing
• January 1999

Representation of measurement error in marketing variables: Review of approaches and ex...

• Journal of Econometrics
• November 1998

Goal setting and goal pursuit in the regulation of body weight

• Psychology & Health
• July 1998

Global mind-sets and cognitive shift in a complex multinational corporation

• Strategic Management Journal
• February 1998

Goal-directed Emotions

• Cognition & Emotion
• January 1998

A General Approach for Representing Constructs in Organizational Research

• Organizational Research Methods
• January 1998

Goal-directed behaviors in marketing: Cognitive and emotional perspectives

• Psychology and Marketing
• September 1997

Goal-directed behaviors in marketing: The role of emotion, volition, and motivation

• Psychology and Marketing
• July 1997

The Construct Validity of Measures of the Tripartite Conceptualization of Punishment At...

• Journal of Social Service Research
• March 1997

The Inseparability of Theory and Method

• Contemporary Psychology
• September 1996

An Investigation of Construct Validity and Generalizability of the Self-Concept:

• Journal of International Consumer Marketing
• July 1996

Construct validation of a measure of adaptive-innovative cognitive styles in consumption

• International Journal of Research in Marketing
• July 1996

The role of arousal in the creation and control of the halo effect in attitude models

• Psychology and Marketing
• May 1996

A comparison of leading theories for the prediction of goal-directed behaviours

• British Journal of Social Psychology
• December 1995

Construct validity and generalizability of the Kirton Adaption–Innovation Inventory

• European Journal of Personality
• September 1995

Principles of Marketing Research

• Journal of Marketing Research
• August 1995

Consumer recycling goals and their effect on decisions to recycle: A means-end chain an...

• Psychology and Marketing
• July 1994

Marketing Exchange Transactions and Relationships

• Journal of Marketing
• January 1994

Public Service Advertisements: Emotions and Empathy Guide Prosocial Behavior

• Journal of Marketing
• January 1994

Effects of arousal on organization of positive and negative affect and cognitions: Appl...

• Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal
• January 1994

A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs: Application to ...

• Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal
• January 1994

An examination of the psychometric properties of measures of negative affect in the PAN...

• Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• October 1993

On the neglect of volition in consumer research: A critique and proposal

• Psychology and Marketing
• May 1993

Multitrait-Multimethod Matrices in Consumer Research

• Journal of Consumer Psychology
• April 1993

Assessing Construct Validity in Personality Research: Applications to Measures of Self-...

• Journal of Research in Personality
• March 1993

Multitrait–multimethod matrices in consumer research: Critique and new developments

• Journal of Consumer Psychology
• January 1993

Testing Hypotheses About Methods, Traits, and Communalities in the Direct-Product Model

• Applied Psychological Measurement
• December 1992

Appraisal processes in the enactment of intentions to use coupons

• Psychology and Marketing
• November 1992

An Examination of the Etiology of the Attitude-Behavior Relation for Goal-Directed Beha...

• Multivariate Behavioral Research
• October 1992

Acrimony in the ivory tower: Stagnation or evolution?

• Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
• September 1992

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation to Use Computers in the Workplace1

• Journal of Applied Social Psychology
• July 1992

Development and Test of a Theory of Technological Learning and Usage

• Human Relations
• July 1992

The Self-Regulation of Attitudes, Intentions, and Behavior

• Social Psychology Quarterly
• June 1992

State versus Action Orientation and the Theory of Reasoned Action: An Application to Co...

• Journal of Consumer Research
• March 1992

Assessing Construct Validity in Organizational Research

• Administrative Science Quarterly
• September 1991

Further thoughts on the validity of measures of elation, gladness, and joy.

• Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• July 1991

On the use of structural equation models in experimental designs: Two extensions

• International Journal of Research in Marketing
• June 1991

Multitrait-Multimethod Matrices in Consumer Research

• Journal of Consumer Research
• March 1991

A Purposeful Behaviour Theory of Work and Family Size Decisions

• January 1991

Trying to Consume

• Journal of Consumer Research
• September 1990

Assessing method variance in multitrait-multimethod matrices: The case of self-reported...

• Journal of Applied Psychology
• January 1990

The level of effort required for behaviour as a moderator of the attitude-behaviour rel...

• European Journal of Social Psychology
• January 1990

The Degree of Intention Formation as a Moderator of the Attitude-Behavior Relationship

• Social Psychology Quarterly
• December 1989

On the Use of Structural Equation Models in Experimental Designs

• Journal of Marketing Research
• August 1989

User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models

• Management Science
• August 1989

An investigation of the role of affective and moral evaluations in the purposeful behav...

• British Journal of Social Psychology
• June 1989

La renaissance de la recherche marketing sur les attitudes

• Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition)
• June 1989

An investigation into the role of intentions as mediators of the attitude-behavior rela...

• Journal of Economic Psychology
• March 1989

Professor Hal Kassarjian reviews Firat-Dholakia-Bagozzi (edited) book

• Journal of Marketing
• January 1989

Richard Pollay reviews Firat-Dholakia-Bagozzi (edited) PRTM book

• Journal of Marketing Research
• November 1988

On the evaluation of structural equation models

• Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
• March 1988

Reply

• Marketing Science
• February 1988

An Investigation of the Relationship Between Work and Family Size Decisions over Time

• Multivariate Behavioral Research
• January 1988

Individual and couple tastes for children: Theoretical, methodological, and empirical i...

• Journal of Economic Psychology
• June 1987

Attitude formation under the theory of reasoned action and a purposeful behaviour refor...

• British Journal of Social Psychology
• June 1986

Social Contingencies in the Attitude Model: A Test of Certain Interaction Hypotheses

• Social Psychology Quarterly
• December 1985

Attitude organization and the attitude-behavior relation: A reply to Dillon and Kumar.

• Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• July 1985

Expectancy-value attitude models: An analysis of critical theoretical issues

• International Journal of Research in Marketing
• January 1985

A Prospectus for Theory Construction in Marketing

• Journal of Marketing
• January 1984

Expectancy-value attitude models an analysis of critical measurement issues

• International Journal of Research in Marketing
• January 1984

Recall, Recognition, and the Measurement of Memory for Print Advertisements

• Marketing Science
• May 1983

Issues in the Application of Covariance Structure Analysis: A Further Comment

• Journal of Consumer Research
• March 1983

A Holistic Methodology for Modeling Consumer Response to Innovation

• Operations Research
• February 1983

Fertility, labor force participation, and tastes: An economic psychology perspective

• Journal of Economic Psychology
• December 1982

A Field Investigation of Causal Relations among Cognitions, Affect, Intentions, and Beh...

• Journal of Marketing Research
• November 1982

Representing and Testing Organizational Theories: A Holistic Construal

• Administrative Science Quarterly
• September 1982

Attitudes toward Public Policy Alternatives to Reduce Air Pollution

• Journal of Marketing & Public Policy
• January 1982

Canonical Correlation Analysis As A Special Case Of A Structural Relations Model

• Multivariate Behavioral Research
• October 1981

Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error...

• Journal of Marketing Research
• August 1981

An Examination Of The Validity Of Two Models Of Attitude

• Multivariate Behavioral Research
• July 1981

Causal Models in Marketing

• Journal of Marketing Research
• February 1981

Attitudes, intentions, and behavior: A test of some key hypotheses.

• Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• January 1981

On Using Response Latency to Measure Preference

• Journal of Marketing Research
• May 1980

Advances in Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Models

• Journal of Marketing Research
• February 1980

Causal Models in Marketing

• Journal of Marketing
• January 1980

Performance and Satisfaction in an Industrial Sales Force: An Examination of Their Ante...

• Journal of Marketing
• January 1980

The Nature and Causes of Self-Esteem, Performance, and Satisfaction in the Sales Force:...

• The Journal of Business
• January 1980

Attitude organization and the attitude–behavior relationship.

• Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• June 1979

Unobservable Variables in Structural Equation Models with an Application in Industrial ...

• Journal of Marketing Research
• May 1979

Comments on "Fertility as Consumption: Theories from the Behavioral: Rejoinder

• Journal of Consumer Research
• March 1979

The Construct Validity of the Tripartite Classification of Attitudes

• Journal of Marketing Research
• February 1979

Salesforce Performance and Satisfaction as a Function of Individual Difference, Interpe...

• Journal of Marketing Research
• November 1978

Toward a General Theory of Fertility: A Causal Modeling Approach

• Demography
• August 1978

Fertility as Consumption: Theories from the Behavioral Sciences

• Journal of Consumer Research
• March 1978

The Construct Validity Of The Affective, Behavioral, And Cognitive Components Of Attitu...

• Multivariate Behavioral Research
• January 1978

Is all social exchange marketing?: A reply

• Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
• September 1977

Structural Equation Models in Experimental Research

• Journal of Marketing Research
• May 1977

Populism and Lynching in Louisiana

• American Sociological Review
• April 1977

Book reviews

• Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
• September 1976

Marketing as Exchange

• Journal of Marketing
• October 1975

Social exchange in marketing

• Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
• June 1975

Marketing as an Organized Behavioral System of Exchange

• Journal of Marketing
• October 1974

The Motivation of Entrepreneurs Toward Private Equity Financing: A Laddering Approach

Social Influence and the Self

Biomarketing

Consumer Agency and Action

Collective Intentional Action in Virtual Communities

Key Informant Models for Measuring Group-Level Variables in Small Groups

• SSRN Electronic Journal

Motivational Antecedents, Constituents, and Consequents of Virtual Community Identity

The Evolution of Marketing Thought: From Economic to Social Exchange and beyond

Organizational Antecedents and Consequences of Environmental Performance

The Second Generation of the Laddering Methodology and Its Use in Studying Decision Making

Network Analyses of Hierarchical Cognitive Connections Between Concrete and Abstract Go...