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Plain language summaries help more people find, understand, act on and benefit from research. We've put together a collection of diabetes research summaries to help answers your questions about signs of diabetes, diabetes symptoms, diabetes tests, diabetes treatments, and diabetes diet.
Obesity and metabolism research investigates the complex biological systems that regulate energy balance, body weight, and metabolic health. Often influenced by genetics, environment, and behavior, these processes shape disease risk across the lifespan. Here we gather insightful research from across Kudos on metabolic science and obesity-related conditions.
Welcome to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Showcase. Explore a selection of publications explained on Kudos in plain language by the authors.
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Diabetes is a major health issue in West Africa that is growing. This review study plans to look at the different factors that make it easier or harder for people with diabetes in West Africa to get good primary health care services. Primary care is the basic health care that people need for ongoing management of diabetes. Getting quality primary care helps prevent serious diabetes complications. However, things like distance to clinics, costs, cultural beliefs, healthcare staffing, and policies can affect whether diabetes patients can access services and receive proper care. By reviewing previous research from across West Africa, this study aims to summarize what is known about the various factors influencing diabetes primary care access, use of services, and quality of care in this region. Understanding these factors is important for improving diabetes care and outcomes. The review will gather and analyze findings from existing published studies. This will help identify major barriers, gaps, and successful approaches related to delivering good diabetes primary care services in West African communities. The goal is for the findings to guide efforts to strengthen primary care systems and develop tailored strategies to better support optimal diabetes management in West Africa based on the specific factors at play in this setting.
Over 29 million people in the US are estimated to have diabetes with projections to increase to 642 million by the year 2040. Diabetes self-management is recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) as an essential component for achieving diabetes control, reducing chronic disease progression and decreasing healthcare costs. However, despite the increasing number of available treatment options, there is no cure for diabetes. Managing the disease requires a series of lifestyle changes that may include dietary restrictions, a combination of medications including insulin administration, and constant glucose monitoring. As a result of complex regimens, many patients often fail to follow through with self-management recommendations, due to burdens resulting from necessary lifestyle changes, impact of changes to quality of life, and lost productivity. Consequently, some patients feel overwhelmed, lacking the confidence to effectively self-manage their diabetes, thereby increasing the risk of preventable complications (i.e., kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, and blindness) and even death. Given these challenges, this study examined how healthcare providers could influence adherence to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) regimens in their practice. We surveyed 474 patients with type 2 diabetes and found that compassionate and optimistic care provision is directly associated with patient coping ability, which in turn leads to greater adherence to treatment.
As the global population ages, more and more older adults are living with diabetes. Yet the term commonly used—“Diabetes in Older Adults”—simply describes who has the disease, without acknowledging how different diabetes can be in later life. In this article, I propose a new concept: “Older Adult Diabetes”—a term that reflects the unique medical, physical, and social needs of older people with diabetes. Unlike younger adults, older individuals often face challenges like frailty, memory problems, and the need for daily support. These factors affect how diabetes should be treated and managed. Recognizing Older Adult Diabetes as a distinct condition can help doctors personalize care, guide researchers to study outcomes that matter most to aging patients, and support policymakers in creating more age-appropriate healthcare systems. This new approach aims to improve quality of life for older adults and ensure that healthcare keeps pace with the realities of an aging world.
This study looks at how a common medication called metformin affects the chances of getting diabetes during pregnancy in women who have a condition called Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a hormonal disorder that can affect how a woman’s body handles sugar and can make it harder to get pregnant. Women with PCOS are at higher risk of developing gestational diabetes, which is a type of diabetes that shows up during pregnancy. Researchers compared two groups of pregnant women with PCOS: one group was treated with metformin, and the other group was not. They wanted to see if the women who took metformin had fewer cases of gestational diabetes than those who didn’t. They studied 112 women from several hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. The results showed that women who did not take metformin were more likely to develop gestational diabetes (about 68%) compared to those who did take metformin (about 40%). This means metformin might help lower the risk of diabetes during pregnancy for women with PCOS. The study also looked at how long the women took metformin and how much they took. It found that both the dose and duration mattered — those on longer and higher doses had better outcomes. In conclusion, using metformin could be a helpful way to prevent diabetes during pregnancy in women with PCOS. The study suggests doctors might consider using metformin more widely in such cases to improve the health of both mothers and babies.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder marked by elevated blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance. Over recent decades, researchers have found growing evidence linking diabetes to hearing issues. Most previous studies focused on traditional clinical hearing tests (like pure-tone audiometry), often highlighting hearing loss as a potential complication of diabetes. However, emerging evidence indicates diabetes may also impact higher-level auditory processing pathways in the brain, affecting more complex hearing abilities beyond basic hearing thresholds. The study, titled "Temporal Sensitivity in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Insights Into Their Everyday Auditory Performance," published in the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research (May 2025), specifically explores whether young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)—even those whose hearing appears clinically normal—experience difficulties hearing in complex environments. Patients with T1DM and healthy controls performed two psychoacoustic tasks: one measured perception of lexical stress cued by low-frequency pitch, and the other assessed speech-in-noise performance linked to temporal sensitivity and everyday auditory performance. Researchers also investigated how these auditory skills relate to diabetes-related health factors and real-life communication challenges.
This study focused on testing a tool called the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) to see if it works well for Barbadians with Type 2 diabetes. Researchers checked how practical and reliable the DDS was in measuring diabetes-related distress among 106 people with Type 2 diabetes in Barbados. They used questionnaires and measured factors like depression, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. The DDS showed good reliability and worked well in identifying diabetes distress in this Caribbean population. The findings suggest that the DDS can be a helpful tool for understanding and managing diabetes-related stress in Barbados, potentially improving care for those with diabetes.
Having type 1 diabetes in pregnancy has considerations for both the mother and the baby. However, managing diabetes in pregnancy is challenging owing to changes in the body as pregnancy progresses. This can make pregnancy a worrying and stressful time to mothers with diabetes. There has been an increase in diabetes technologies used in pregnancy to help pregnant women look after their diabetes. Whilst these can be empowering for the user, there needs to be careful consideration as to how and when these can be continued during admission to hospital and when extra help is required for specialists to help the emergency hospital teams continue these technologies safely especially when the user is unwell or unable to manage them themselves. This article describes current forms of diabetes technologies used and the latest national guidance relating to the care of type 1 diabetes in pregnancy.
The hyperglycemic state in diabetes mellitus induces oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to diabetic tissue damage and associated complications. Astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant carotenoid, has been investigated for its potential to prevent and man- age diabetes across various species; however, its effect on client-owned dogs remains poorly studied. This study explored the impact of astaxanthin supplementation on canine diabetes mellitus using a proteomics approach. A total of 18 client-owned dogs were enrolled: 6 dogs with diabetes mellitus and 12 clinically healthy dogs. The diabetic dogs received their standard treatment regimen along with daily oral supplementation of 12 mg of astaxanthin (1.5–2.4 mg/kg) for 90 days. Plasma samples were collected at the beginning and end of the study period for proteomics analysis. After astaxanthin supplementation, significant alterations in the expression of proteins associated with the complement system, coagulation cascade, JAK–STAT signaling, and protein kinase C signaling (all of which contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress) were observed. Astaxanthin exhibited potential for reducing diabetes-associated complications, such as insulin resistance, vascular dysfunction, nephropathy, and cardiac issues, even though it did not affect clinical parameters (hematology, plasma biochemistry, blood glucose, and serum fructosamine). These findings suggest that astaxanthin may be a valuable complementary therapy for managing diabetes-related complications in canines.
People who survive a diagnosis of cancer during childhood or young adulthood may have a greater chance of developing diabetes later in life due to the treatments they received. This study looked at childhood and young adult cancer survivors in the United Kingdom to see how at risk they are and which treatments might contribute the most to that risk. We found that certain cancer treatments, like exposure of the whole body to radiation ( a treatment called total body irradiation) significantly increased the risk of diabetes in survivors over time. For example, 40 years after cancer treatment, 21% of survivors who were exposed to total body irradiation as children/young adults developed diabetes, compared to just 8% of those who didn’t have this treatment. Survivors who received corticosteroids (a class of chemotherapy drug) also had a higher risk of developing diabetes, with an 8% increased chance of developing diabetes 40 years after their cancer diagnosis. Additionally, those who had a bone marrow transplant, which is a procedure often used in treatment for leukaemia, were found to have a much greater risk of developing diabetes. Among these survivors, those who had an allogeneic transplant (using donor cells) faced an even higher risk (26%) compared to those who had an autologous transplant (using their own cells) with a risk of 8%.
Type-2 diabetes is a global health burden. In Canada, about 11 million people have diabetes, and this number keeps constantly increasing. Type-2 diabetes raises the chances of developing heart-related problems like heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. These health issues, along with factors like age, sex, and demographics, raise the risk of mortality for people with diabetes. Prior studies have not looked at how mortality risks differ among various groups of people with diabetes. The authors collected health records from over 1.7 million adults in Ontario, Canada. They examined how factors like age, income, and immigration status relate to the risk of death in patients with diabetes.
This article discusses the growing use of Ozempic (semaglutide), an FDA-approved medication initially designed for treating type 2 diabetes. Recently, it has gained popularity for its potential to help with weight loss, especially among individuals with and without diabetes. Ozempic belongs to a class of drugs called glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, known for their ability to lower blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes patients. The rise in Ozempic's off-label use for weight management has been fueled by social media platforms like TikTok. People have shared their success stories with Ozempic, highlighting significant weight loss results. However, this off-label use raises concerns about the lack of long-term safety data and the potential for misuse without proper medical supervision. One significant concern is the impact on individuals with diabetes who rely on Ozempic for its approved use. Increased demand due to off-label prescribing could lead to shortages, making it difficult for diabetes patients to access the medication they need. Moreover, the hashtag #ozempic on TikTok, with nearly a billion views, has transformed Ozempic into a perceived "vanity" medication for weight loss rather than a vital treatment for diabetes.
We analyzed an at-baseline young and generally healthy type 1 diabetes cohort, the DCCT cohort, with no cardiovascular complications but mild to moderate microvascular complications, namely retinopathy. This cohort was followed for roughly 30 years. With our analysis, we show for the first time that the effect of severe hypoglycemia on ischemic heart disease (IHD) in a young type 1 diabetes cohort is modified by markers of baseline microvascular disease severity. With increasing baseline duration of diabetes, retinopathy severity level, or Diabetes Complication Severity Index (DCSI), the effect of severe hypoglycemia expressed by the hazard ratio for IHD based on severe hypoglycemia becomes stronger. We found that severe hypoglycemia was a significant ischemic heart disease factor for young type 1 diabetes patients who presented with longer diabetes duration, higher retinopathy severity levels, or higher DCSI levels.
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) and endothelial dysfunction are prevalent complications of diabetes mellitus. Currently, there are two non-invasive markers for endothelial dysfunction: flow-mediated dilation and reactive hyperaemia peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT). However, the relationship between diabetic small fibre neuropathy and macroangiopathy remains obscure thus far. Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) has emerged as a new diagnostic modality to assess DPN, especially of small fibre. To clarify the relationship between diabetic small fibre neuropathy and vascular dysfunction, we aimed to determine the functions of peripheral nerves and blood vessels through clinical tests such as nerve conduction study, coefficient of variation in the R-R interval, CCM, and RH-PAT in 82 patients with type 2 diabetes. Forty healthy control subjects were also included to study corneal nerve parameters. Correlational and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine the associations between neuropathy indices and markers for vascular functions. The results revealed that patients with type 2 diabetes had significantly lower values for most variables of CCM than healthy control subjects. RH-PAT solely remained as an explanatory variable significant in multiple regression analysis for several CCM parameters and vice versa. Other vascular markers had no significant multiple regression with any CCM parameters. In conclusion, endothelial dysfunction as revealed by impaired RH-PAT was significantly associated with CCM parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes. This association may indicate that small fibre neuropathy results from impaired endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. CCM parameters may be considered surrogate markers of autonomic nerve damage, which is related to diabetic endothelial dysfunction. This study is the first to report the relationship between corneal nerve parameter as small fibre neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and RH-PAT as a marker of endothelial dysfunction.
Introduction. Diabetes develops in 4% of all the pregnancies worldwide, and its prevalence ranges from 1 to 14%, and 7% are complicated and results in prenatal morbidity and mortality. +e disease affects women and their babies during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. However, little is known about its prevalence, birth outcomes, and associated factors in the study setting. Method. A facility-based retrospective cross-sectional study was done on all deliveries attended from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2017, to determine the prevalence of diabetes and birth outcome. +e mothers who had complete data record were identified and consecutively reviewed. +e data were entered in EpiData Version 4.2 and exported to SPSS Version 23.0 for analysis. Results. Of the 14039 women who gave birth during the study period, 2.6% of them had diabetes mellitus, and from reviewed data, 54.6% had gestational diabetes and 45.4% had pregestational diabetes. Out of the diabetic mothers, 57.8% delivered by cesarean section, 39.9% by spontaneous vaginal delivery, and 26% of the pregnancies ended up with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Regarding the fetal outcome, 17.9% were preterm delivery, 17.6% macrocosmic, 9.2% respiratory distress, 10.1% low birth weight, and 65% admitted to neonatal intensive care unit. Class I obesity and history of PIH were associated with adverse maternal outcomes at aOR � 95%CI 3.8 (1.29, 8.319) and aOR � 95%CI 2.1 (1.03, 4.399), respectively. Being a house wife and preterm deliveries were associated with adverse fetal outcomes at aOR � 95%CI 2.117 (1.315, 3.405) and aOR � 95%CI 9.763 (4.560, 20.902), respectively. Conclusion. +e prevalence of diabetes mellitus delivered in the hospital was 2.6%. Class I obesity and previous history of pregnancy-induced hypertension were significantly associated with adverse maternal outcomes, whereas preterm delivery and being housewife were associated with adverse
Diabetes is global disorder which affects 537 million people around the world. The most prevalent chronic complica tions in diabetes are diabetic neuropathies (DN), impact ing around 50% of individuals with diabetes. Among these, Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy (DSPN) and autonomic neuropathies are extensively researched. DSPN, the most common form of DN, results from impairment of peripheral nerve fibers. It is characterized by sensory nerve dysfunc tion starting distally and progressing proximally, leading to symptoms like numbness, tingling, loss of protective sensation, and impaired balance. Approximately one-third of DSPN patients experience severe neuropathic algesia. DSPN is a major contributor to diabetic foot ulcers, Charcot neuro-arthropathy, and amputation of lower limb. Moreover, diabetes associated autonomic neuropathy presents a wide range of clinical manifestations, including cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, gastrointestinal dis turbance and urinogenital issues like sexual dysfunction in both males and females. Whether occurring independently or in combination, these symptoms are linked to increased risks of severe cardiovascular events, high mortality, com promised psychological balance, and reduced quality of life. It is crucial for individuals with diabetes to be aware of these complications and work closely with healthcare providers to manage and prevent them effectively. Diabetic’s subsequent polyol metabolic disorder, affecting health in different path physiological disorders in a chronic condition; basically due to reduction of keto—enol polyol into Sorbitol.
This study looks at how common prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are among teenagers in the United States and what factors increase their risk. Prediabetes means blood sugar is higher than normal but not yet diabetes, while type 2 diabetes is a serious condition that affects how the body handles sugar. We analyzed the most recent national health data from 2021–2023 to get an up-to-date picture of these conditions in teens. Unlike earlier studies that mostly focused on weight, we also looked at lifestyle habits, diet, physical activity, body measurements, and social and economic factors to understand which teens are most at risk. We found that nearly 1 in 3 U.S. teens (31%) had prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. The risk was highest among teens with more fat around the waist, even more than general overweight or obesity. Male teens and younger adolescents were also more likely to have prediabetes or diabetes, while female teens were at lower risk. Other factors, such as diet, blood pressure, and cholesterol, were linked to higher risk in simple analyses, but the strongest predictor was central fat around the waist.
This study examines why many people with type 2 diabetes in rural Indonesia do not take their diabetes medication as prescribed. Using data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey, the researchers analyzed information from 292 adults with type 2 diabetes living in rural areas. The study looked at personal characteristics, work status, access to health services, follow-up visit patterns, and patients’ understanding of their medication. The findings show that medication non-compliance is strongly linked to how often patients attend follow-up visits at primary healthcare centers. Patients who rarely or never attend follow-up visits are much more likely to stop or irregularly take their medication. Working-age adults are also at higher risk of non-compliance, mainly because of time constraints, work demands, and difficulty attending health services during working hours. Interestingly, having information about diabetes medication alone was not enough to ensure good adherence. The study highlights that regular contact with health services, family support, and flexible primary care systems play a key role in helping patients manage their diabetes effectively in rural settings.
This study examines how different types of structured exercise influence health outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes. Specifically, it compares combined aerobic and resistance training with high-intensity interval training over a 12-week period, and evaluates whether either approach offers advantages over usual medical care alone. Type 2 diabetes is closely linked to poor blood sugar control, reduced insulin sensitivity, excess body fat, declining physical function, and reduced quality of life. Exercise is widely recommended as part of diabetes management. However, there is limited direct evidence comparing different exercise formats across both clinical outcomes and patient-reported outcomes. This study addresses that gap. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups. One group undertook moderate-intensity aerobic exercise combined with resistance training. A second group completed high-intensity interval training, involving short bursts of vigorous activity alternated with recovery periods. The control group continued with standard care without a structured exercise programme. The researchers assessed changes in blood sugar levels, long-term glucose control, insulin resistance, body composition, walking capacity, and quality of life. Both exercise programmes led to meaningful improvements compared with standard care. High-intensity interval training produced greater reductions in fasting blood glucose and larger gains in muscle mass. In contrast, combined aerobic and resistance training resulted in broader improvements in long-term blood sugar control, reductions in body fat, and multiple domains of quality of life. Overall, the study demonstrates that regular, structured exercise significantly improves metabolic health, physical function, and wellbeing in people with type 2 diabetes. It also highlights that different exercise approaches may be selected based on individual goals, preferences, and clinical priorities, supporting a personalised approach to exercise prescription in diabetes care.
Diabetes is not only caused by biology or lifestyle—it is also deeply influenced by social and economic conditions. In this study, we analyzed national health survey data from Indonesia to understand how factors such as income, education, employment, technology use, and access to healthcare affect the number of people living with diabetes. We found that people with higher income were more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes, while those with lower education or without stable jobs had more difficulty managing their condition. Access to clean water and nearby health centers helped reduce diabetes risk. Only a few patients used telemedicine, showing that digital health is still underused. Our research shows that reducing social and economic inequalities is key to improving diabetes prevention and care in Indonesia.
In the socio-economic context of Bangladesh, professional drivers are a neglected and underserved group in national health policies. Due to long working hours, irregular routines, and limited access to healthcare and health education, they face an increased risk of developing diabetes. In this study, we screened 1,454 professional drivers from northeastern Bangladesh using random blood glucose (RBG) testing to assess both their diabetes status and awareness. Surprisingly, 32 drivers (2.2%) were found to have undiagnosed diabetes. The highest prevalence occurred among middle-aged and overweight individuals, especially those with a family history of diabetes or short sleep duration. These findings highlight a critical gap in public health outreach and the importance of early detection. Our study emphasizes the need for routine blood glucose screening and targeted education programs for this high-risk and underrepresented group, like professional drivers. Incorporating such measures into national policy could improve driver health and reduce road safety risks associated with unmanaged diabetes.
Poor adherence to medications increases the risk of depression, as evaluated by Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) twice, in older people with diabetes in primary care in a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. During the screening process for risk factors associated with depression in older people, it was observed that older people with type 2 diabetes in primary care with Nursing Diagnostic Hypothesis (NDH) were at risk for unstable blood glucose levels due to poor adherence to medications in their diabetes control plan. This was evidenced by 40.2% of the elderly who exhibited poor adherence to medications. These conditions can increase the risk for frail elderly syndrome due to the deficient community health services. Specifically, the primary care programme that addresses type 2 diabetes is incomplete and may not fully prevent related health problems. Primary care must implement a care pathway based on best practices for the clinical assessment of older patients with diabetes. This will provide community nurses with the necessary working conditions to exercise clinical judgment, supported by NANDA-I Taxonomy II. It is of the utmost importance to expand the scope of psychosocial intervention and shared tasks within collaborative care to improve the mental health of this older demographic.
Тitlе of рарer is Assessment of Vitamin D Level and Its Relation to Glycemic Control Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Khartoum State and the information of the аbѕtrаct: Background: Type II diabetes is a chronic hyperglycemic disorder. Vitamin D appears to be associated with chronic disease prеνеntion and modulation of immunity. This study was designed to associate vitamin D levels with glycemic control among type 2 diabetes mellitus in Khartoum state. Methods: This was a prospective case-control study conducted between June and November 2021 in Khartoum, Sudan. In total, 80 individuals were included in the study, of which 40 had type 2 diabetes mellitus, while the other 40 were normal, apparently healthy individuals. Vitamin D was measured by ELISA. Results: SPSS was used for statistical analysis. Results showed that 20% of case group (patients with diabetes mellitus) had suboptimal vitamin D levels, whereas 80% had vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D levels were significantly decreased among the case group when compared to the control group (P-value = 0.00). The glycated hemoglobin was negatively correlated with vitamin D level (P-value = 0.017, R = -0.376). Conclusion: In this study, a significant decrease in vitamin D was seen among people with type 2 DM. There was a weak negative correlation between hemoglobin A1C and vitamin D level, and no significant difference in Vitamin D
Background In England, although The National Institute of Health and Care Excellence recommends that patients’ religious beliefs should be incorporated into individual healthcare plans, these components are often neglected in diabetes management care plans. A literature review identified a paucity of research regarding how the spirituality of British people may influence their approach their self-management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Aims To explore how the spirituality of adults with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), living in England, influenced their coping and self-management of diet and exercise. Methods The biographic narrative interpretive method for two interviews per participant and thematic analysis for data interrogation (n=8). Contextual data of hba1c, living situation, age, length of time since T2D diagnosis, body mass index and diabetic medicines contextualized the interview data. Results Participants spirituality, health beliefs, coping and sense of responsibility for T2D self-management overlapped in complex layers. Three themes were generated: (1) spirituality influences expectations in life; (2) beliefs influence coping styles of diabetes self-management, and (3) responsibility influences diabetes self-management. A model was created to assist nurses address these components.
Although it is believed that vitamin C may be helpful in preventing type 2 diabetes, there isn't enough evidence to prove its effectiveness. This study used a genetically modified mouse model that is more prone to developing obesity and metabolic problems when fed a high-fat diet to test the effects of vitamin C. We found that vitamin C had a greater benefit in reducing obesity and preventing development of type 2 diabetes in the genetically modified mouse on a high-fat diet. Type 2 diabetes results from a combination of genetics and diet. The genetically modified mouse with a poor ability to maintain intracellular vitamin C levels has reduced fat cell formation and white adipose tissue development. They have a normal metabolism on a normal diet despite having little white adipose tissue, but when on a high-fat diet, they quickly become obese, develop metabolic dysregulation and fatty liver. Vitamin C supplementation improves the fat cell formation and white adipose tissue development, which prevents the mice from developing obesity and type 2 diabetes on a high-fat diet. Our findings demonstrate that vitamin C is important for the proper development of white adipose tissue, and the proper development of white adipose tissue is important for maintaining a healthy metabolism especially on a high-fat diet. These findings also suggest that vitamin C supplementation may be a good preventive measure for type 2 diabetes, but individual differences in genetics and diet should be considered.
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is leading health problem in India. India is experiencing the burden of communicable disease as well as non-communicable disease. It is believed due to unhealthy life style and faulty food habits. The International Diabetes Federation estimated that 72.9 million adults in India were living with diabetes in last four years. The study overviews the different factors like personal, familial, social, and financial affecting the life style and management of the disease. Thus, diabetes mellitus affects all the dimensions of health of an individual. The aims of the study to assess quality of life and experiences faced by the patients who are suffering from diabetes mellitus and how the progressive stage of the diseases altered the all the dimensions.
Introduction Diabetes mellitus is leading health problem in India. India is experiencing the burden of communicable disease as well as noncommunicable disease. It is believed due to unhealthy life style and faulty food habits. The International Diabetes Federation estimated that 72.9 million adults in India were living with diabetes in last four years. The study overviews the different factors like personal familial social and financial affecting the life style and management of the disease. Thus diabetes mellitus affects all the dimensions of health of an individual. The aims of the study to assess quality of life and experiences faced by the patients who are suffering from diabetes mellitus and how the progressive stage of the diseases altered the all the dimensions
Diabetes is a significant health problem that has reached worrisome proportions: almost half of the world's population now has diabetes. Diabetes mellitus, or diabetes, is a severe, long-term disease in which a person's blood glucose levels are elevated due to their body's inability to make any or enough insulin, or to properly utilise the insulin that it does produce. The chemicals extracted from medicinal plants were shown to be both safer and more bioactive than manufactured medicines.Objective:The goal of this research was to use molecular docking to find possible binding affinities of luteolin, a phytocompound from Rumex vesicariusL, to five target proteins, in order to find the lead molecule against diabetes.
Obesity is the major world’s metabolic disorder affecting more than 1.94 billion people worldwide. Although insulin resistance is commonly observed in obesity, most obese individuals balance the enhanced hormonal demand by increasing insulin secretion, without developing diabetes. Thus, insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas (known as β-cells) undergo “cell adaptation” in an attempt to maintain normoglycaemia despite insulin resistance. The mechanism of β-cell adaptation during the transition from obesity to diabetes is one of the key unanswered questions in our research field. In the recent publication in the journal Diabetes, we reported a new molecular mechanism whereby obesity induces non-canonical activity of the protein STAT3 in the mitochondria of β-cells and its deficiency results in early stages of diabetes development. We used mouse models, stem and primary human cells and cell lines to clarify the mechanism of STAT3 action in glucose control. The present work highlights the potential utility of targeted pharmacological approaches to improve β-cell mitochondrial function in combating the development of diabetes.
We studied 5,377 adults aged at least 60 years in the English longitudinal study on aging. From 2004 to 2015, participants completed the 36-item frailty index every two years. At baseline, 12% of participants had diabetes and 35% were frail. Over the 10 years of follow-up, frailty of participants with diabetes increased faster compared to partcipants without diabetes, regardless of how frail they were at the start of the study. Thus, a person with 60 years of diabetes has a frailty index equal to 72 years without diabetes.
Plain language summary In the FIDELIO-DKD study, treatment with the drug finerenone improved outcomes in the kidney and cardiovascular systems when tested against placebo in patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes. The current study explored these same outcomes in two subgroups of patients based on characteristics at the start of finerenone or placebo treatment. In the first analysis, patients were compared based on their blood sugar (glucose) control (higher or lower blood sugar levels). In the second analysis, patients were compared based on whether they were or were not receiving insulin treatment. Finerenone treatment reduced the risk of having a kidney or cardiovascular event (such as starting dialysis or having a heart attack) than placebo regardless of the patient’s use of insulin or blood sugar status at the start of treatment. The occurrence of side effects with finerenone was similar regardless of insulin use or blood sugar level at the start of treatment. Overall, the study shows that finerenone can provide kidney and cardiovascular benefits to patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes, irrespective of their blood sugar levels when they start treatment with finerenone and whether or not they are treated with insulin. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes is a major global health challenge, affecting an estimated 160 million people aged 20–79 years worldwide (1-3). Clinical guidelines for the management of CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes recommend control of hypertension and hyperglycemia, with individualized targets for the level of HbA1c of <6.5% (48 mmol/mol) to <8% (64 mmol/mol), as well as the use of a renin–angiotensin system blocker (an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker [ARB]) and, more recently, a sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT-2i) (4-7). Insulin is often used as a glucose-lowering agent in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes, especially in patients with moderate-to-severe CKD where many other glucose-lowering agents cannot be used (8). It has been suggested that insulin treatment may increase sodium retention and hypertension (9), and hyperinsulinemia has been associated with inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes (10). Insulin is often used when beta-cell failure is apparent and oral agents have failed; thus, insulin use at baseline may be suggestive of patients with complicated diabetes (11). Available evidence suggests that glycemic control influences kidney risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Observational data suggest that poor glycemic control increases the risk for progression of CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes with moderately elevated albuminuria (12), and data from clinical trials have shown that intensive blood glucose control improves kidney outcomes in patient groups with type 2 diabetes and type 2 diabetes with mild CKD (13-15). However, evidence from large phase III trials regarding the relationship between glycemic control and disease outcomes in patients with moderate-to-severe CKD and type 2 diabetes is lacking. The prognostic implication and response to mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) treatment relative to glycemic control as reflected by HbA1c levels is not well understood (16). Limited available data suggest that spironolactone may increase HbA1c levels in patients with and without diabetes, whereas the more selective steroidal MRA eplerenone has no effect on HbA1c levels (17,18). Finerenone is a novel, selective, nonsteroidal MRA that significantly reduced the risk of adverse kidney and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes in the FIDELIO-DKD (Finerenone in Reducing Kidney Failure and Disease Progression in Diabetic Kidney Disease; NCT02540993) phase III trial, without influencing HbA1c levels (19,20). The main aim of this analysis was to evaluate kidney, CV, and safety outcomes from the FIDELIO-DKD trial according to baseline HbA1c level, and to determine whether baseline glycemic control affects the previously reported benefits of treatment with finerenone. Furthermore, the effects of insulin treatment at baseline on efficacy and safety outcomes were investigated, because of the interdependency of insulin treatment and glycemic control (serum HbA1c levels) in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes.
Vitamin D is a crucial nutrient that plays a significant role in various aspects of health. This review explores the importance of vitamin D and its cofactors in preventing and managing diseases, mainly focusing on diabetes and its complications. The evidence reveals a strong link between low vitamin D levels and increased risks of type 2 diabetes (T2D), gestational diabetes, and type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases in Saudi Arabia. Pre-diabetes is the predisposition to diabetesthat is accompanied by metabolic syndrome, which accelerates the process leading to diabetes and causes an increase in complications, so this current study aimed to detect the prevalence of pre-diabetes in apparently medical students in Jazan University, also investigate the clinical conditions accompanying prediabetes and the effect of the association of metabolic syndrome on clinical outcomes in prediabeti
Our saliva contains an enzyme called amylase, which starts breaking down starches as soon as we eat. The amount of this enzyme varies between people because of differences in a gene called AMY1. This gene can appear in the human genome anywhere from 2 to 20 times, depending on the individual. This study explored how variations in the number of AMY1 gene copies—and the resulting salivary amylase activity—relate to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Researchers collected saliva from people with and without diabetes and measured both their gene copy number and enzyme activity. They found that more copies of the gene generally led to higher enzyme activity, but that people with diabetes showed a steeper increase in enzyme levels for each extra gene copy. Enzyme levels also tended to rise over the course of the day. The findings suggest that people with T2D may experience an increase in salivary amylase activity as a way to help regulate blood sugar. Understanding these relationships could lead to better ways to predict or manage diabetes, using non-invasive saliva tests.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a leading cause of erectile dysfunction (ED). Understanding the structure of erectile tissue within the penile corpora cavernosa and their pathological changes in these tissues is essential for developing protective and therapeutic strategies. As the current diabetes management does not protect against ED, promising natural agents such as royal jelly (RJ), which has variable bioactive components that possess antioxidant, anti-inammatory and antidiabetic properties are needed. This study aimed to investigate the effect of induced DM on the biochemical and structural components of the corpora cavernosa and to evaluate the protective effect of RJ on these parameters. Forty adult albino male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group, the RJ group: received oral RJ (100 mg/kg/day), the diabetic group: subjected to induction of DM by using Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) intraperitoneally; and the diabetic and RJ groups: subjected to DM induction and received RJ. All rats were sacriced after 60 days; blood was drawn to estimate differences in diabetes parameters, testosterone levels, oxidative/antioxidant markers and nitrous oxide (NO) concentrations. Additionally, penile tissues were xed in formalin for histological and immunohistochemical studies. STZ-induced DM results in marked hyperglycemia, decreased insulin, testosterone, and NO levels; and oxidative/antioxidative imbalance. Histologically, corpora cavernosa showed a decrease in collagen bers, elastic and smooth muscle bers with a disturbed normal architecture. Treatment of diabetic rats with RJ markedly decreased these biochemical and structural alterations. In conclusion, RJ cotreatment is a promising practice for diabetes-induced corpora cavernosal damage possibly through its antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and androgenic effects.
Diabetes Mellitus is a common condition in which there is inadequate control of blood glucose levels. People with diabetes produce a chemical called acetone, which can be found in their breath. We're looking at different ways to measure the amount of acetone in someone's breath to see if it's a reliable way to diagnose diabetes. This could be a simpler and less painful way to check for diabetes than the blood tests people usually take
This summary explains research from a collection of studies known as SURPASS-1 to SURPASS-5, focusing on the effects of a diabetes medication called tirzepatide. This medication is used once a week and is meant for people with type 2 diabetes. The studies compared tirzepatide with other common diabetes treatments. The main focus was to see if patients could achieve three goals simultaneously: lowering their blood sugar to specific targets (like below 7.0%, 6.5%, or even 5.7%), losing a significant amount of weight (like 5%, 10%, or 15%), and avoiding dangerously low blood sugar levels, which can be a side effect of diabetes treatments. The results showed that a higher number of patients using tirzepatide met these goals compared to those using other treatments, across all weight loss categories and blood sugar targets.
Semaglutide is a treatment for type 2 diabetes, belonging to a class of medicines called glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA). Semaglutide, along with diet and exercise is very effective at managing high blood sugars in people with type 2 diabetes. However, in the past, semaglutide was only available as an injection, since it would have been destroyed by the digestive system if taken by mouth. A tablet, or ‘oral’ version of semaglutide has been created by adding an absorption enhancer called SNAC (sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxylbenzoyl] amino) caprylate), which protects the medicine from stomach acid, allowing semaglutide to be absorbed by the body. This version of semaglutide was the first oral GLP-1RA to be approved as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. Studies in healthy people and in people with type 2 diabetes have shown that levels of semaglutide in the blood are similar when it is given as an injection or a tablet. Oral semaglutide does not affect the absorption of some medicines such as lisinopril, S-warfarin, R-warfarin, digoxin, or oral contraceptives, and the dose of oral semaglutide does not need to be adjusted in people with liver or kidney disease. Side effects such as nausea are common with semaglutide, but these occur at a similar rate with oral semaglutide and the injectable version. Oral semaglutide should be taken upon awakening on an empty stomach, with a sip of plain water (no more than 4 oz). People should wait 30 minutes before eating, drinking or taking any other oral medications.
Metformin, a medicine that has been used to treat millions of patients with type 2 diabetes, lowers blood glucose by suppressing liver glucose production. Recently it was claimed that metformin’s mechanism of action is due to a 30-50% inhibition of mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD). For a number of reasons, we questioned whether a relatively weak inhibition of mGPD could be the mechanism of metformin’s action. mGPD is the rate limiting enzyme of the glycerol phosphate (GP) redox shuttle. The enzyme activity of mGPD in liver is the lowest of ten body tissues and metformin has beneficial effects in tissues where the activity of mGPD is much higher than liver, including the pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells, skeletal muscle and brown fat. Total body 100% knockout of mGPD in mice has no effect in liver where the action of the malate aspartate redox shuttle is redundant to and much more active than the GP shuttle. Knockout of mGPD does have adverse effects in tissues where mGPD is very high and where the malate aspartate shuttle is low or absent such as skeletal muscle and brown fat. Complete absence of the GP shuttle in the mGPD knockout mouse does not interfere with insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cell because the malate aspartate redox shuttle is also active in the beta cell. Because of skepticism about metformin inhibiting mGPD, we used four different enzyme assay procedures to measure mGPD activity in liver and also in the beta cell that has a very high level of mGPD. Metformin in micromolar concentrations to millimolar concentrations 100-fold its therapeutic concentration did not inhibit mGPD in either tissue whatsoever (MacDonald, MJ et al, Metformin’s Therapeutic Action in the Treatment of Diabetes Does Not Involve Inhibition of Mitochondrial Glycerol Phosphate Dehydrogenase Diabetes. Diabetes. 2021 April 13:db201143. doi: 10.2337/db20-1143. Online ahead of print. PMID: 33849997).
We studied 810 individuals with new onset type 1 diabetes and found that those who had the type 2 diabetes version (allele) of a gene, compared with those who did not, were more likely to have fewer of the islet autoantibodies that are typical in type 1 diabetes but more indicators of insulin resistance, which is typical of type 2 diabetes.
Travel has become a necessity. Diabetes is rampant. Many people who travel will have diabetes. Proper preparations are needed if you have diabetes and travel. This review discusses various modes of travel, knowledge of the effects of various conditions affecting diabetes and methods to combat them.
Vitamin D deficiency has been contributed to type 2 diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome progression. This case-control study was conducted with 100 diabetic patients who visited The National Diabetes Center in Baghdad/Iraq. 100 healthy controls of students at Al-Nahrain University in Baghdad/Iraq. The period of study was from October 2018 to June 2019. After recording demographic and anthropometric factors, fasting blood and serum samples was taken to measure of blood glucose, HbA1c, Urea, creatinine, lipid profile and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3). The results showed that statistically significant differences between T2DM patients and healthy controls in BMI, FBG, HbA1c, 25(OH) D, and lipid profile levels (P≤ 0.005). The blood urea levels increase significantly in diabetes patients more than controls (P≤ 0.05). Vitamin D inversely associated with FBG (r = -0.236, P=0.028) and HbA1c (r = −0.303, P=0.0045). Vitamin D level, HDL and blood urea decreased significantly in T2DM patient's more than healthy controls. Furthermore, BMI, lipid profile, FBG and HbA1c increased significantly in T2DM patients higher than healthy controls. There is an inverse relationship between FBG and HbA1c concentration and the level of 25 (OH)-D in Iraqi patients with diabetes mellitus type 2.
Numerous environmental factors are known to trigger type 1 diabetes. This study aimed to determine whether there is an association between influenza and new-onset type 1 diabetes. Although only patients with type 1 diabetes were included, in the adjusted analysis, individuals had a 1·3-fold (95% confidence interval: 1·15–1·46) higher risk of developing type 1 diabetes within 180 days after an influenza diagnosis than at other times. The sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of this finding.
We found that children and adolescents developing diabetes have low levels of Vitamin D in blood. Vitamin D has several roles in human health: skeletal growth and function, immune defenses, others. Since the development of diabetes may be also favored by infectious agents (viruses are among these agents), reduced immune defenses may lead to the non-eradication of common viral infections. Through steps still to be defined, in some cases these infections may extend to endocrine cells in the pancreas, thus reducing the production of insulin (an hormone essential for glucose metabolism). The findings suggest that maintaining adequate levels of Vitamin D could result in protection against diabetes in the young, especially in those with genetic predisposition to type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes occurs when the pancreas is unable to secrete sufficient insulin to maintain normal glycemia. Aute pancreatitis may be accompanied by transient hyperglycemia, but resolves in most patients without sequelae. Nevertheless, a sequelae of β-cell damage that is accompanied with an increased risk for diabetes later in life may be underappreciated. In children and adolescents, there is scarce evidence linking acute pancreatitis with incident diabetes. In an Israeli nationwide population-based study, we observed that a history of childhood resolved acute pancreatitis with normal pancreatic function in late adolescence, doubled the risk for incident type 2 diabetes, especially at young adulthood.
High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is a form of exercise that can possibly help average blood glucose levels (the A1c) in people with type 1 diabetes. Adults with type 1 diabetes often have overweight or obesity, and they can be sedentary. We undertook a clinical trial of this exercise in adults with type 1 diabetes who were overweight or obese and were not exercising regularly. Our study showed overall results to support the concept that HIIT can improve A1c levels across a 12 week exercise program, especially in those who undertake most of their scheduled exercise. These outcomes can be realised in a safe manner for the person with diabetes, also improving aspects of their fitness.
Due to a large increase in the number of people with diabetes, combined with the aging population, means that the absolute number of patients with diabetes related foot ulcers is likely to continue to increase. It is therefore necessary to provide close clinical follow-up care for people with diabetes both in primary and specialist care. Information and communication technologies may enable more integrated treatment and care pathways across organizational boundaries. We evaluated the effect of telemedicine follow-up in primary care compared to standard hospital outpatient care in patients with diabetes-related foot ulcers. Our aim was to show that healingtime in telemedicine follow-up was not worse than traditional follow-up.
The researchers sought to get information on how pregnant women felt about diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and also assessed their knowledge of how diabetes mellitus in pregnancy can be prevented. The findings of the study showed that majority of the pregnant women who participated in the study felt they could not have diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. Also, they did not have good understanding of how to prevent diabetes melliuts during pregnancy.
The latest results published in Diabetes Care show that the earliest event leading to prediabetes (the initial asymptomatic condition where the first signs of diabetes are already present), is an early dysfunction of the beta-cell, independent of body weight. Beta-cells in the pancreas produce insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. They further showed that this beta-cell dysfunction was associated with the presence of genetic factors previously associated with type 2 diabetes in adults. This discovery could lead to the early identification of children that are at risk of future type 2 diabetes.
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)-21 is a metabolic regulator that has a potential to be used in the treatment and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and other similar diseases. This regulator can lower blood sugar and cholesterol hence may be used to treat diabetes and lipid disorders. Exploration of this compound had only been done in Asian and European populations. Our research has shown that body fatness especially within the abdomen, reflects the levels of circulating FGF-21 in serum of obese African males with or without type 2 diabetes. This implies that FGF-21 serum levels are high in obesity, and directly or indirectly controlled by body fatness as previously shown in Asians and European populations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on FGF-21 in African males with or without diabetes and extend the understanding of this promising regulator to an African population.
What is it about? Type 1 diabetes is a progressive autoimmune disease that affects blood sugar control. As type 1 diabetes progresses, the immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, and as a result, the ability to secrete insulin and then control blood sugar levels is compromised. However, a proportion of insulin-producing cells can survive, and as a result, many people with type 1 diabetes keep the ability to release small amounts of insulin for years after diagnosis. The easiest way to detect if some insulin production is happening is to measure C-peptide in blood. C-peptide is a protein by-product of insulin that is released at the same time and in similar amounts. Why is it important? Studies have shown that residual C-peptide levels in people with type 1 diabetes are associated with lower risk for some of the important complications of diabetes including very low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and eye disease (retinopathy). It is important to understand the relationship between the amount of residual C-peptide and risks for health complications that commonly arise in people with type 1 diabetes, both in the short- and long-term. First, understanding what levels of C-peptide might be associated with either risks or benefits could be helpful for healthcare providers in treating people with type 1 diabetes. Second, clear relationships between higher C-peptide levels and better health outcomes provide support for the development and use of treatments that can preserve C-peptide levels in people with type 1 diabetes. This study used a large database of people with type 1 diabetes called the Scottish Diabetes Research Network Type 1 Bioresource (SDRNT1BIO) to study the mathematical relationships between C-peptide levels and health outcomes over a long period of time (~11 years). The results showed that people with lower C-peptide levels at the time of enrollment into the study were at higher risk for serious health complications of extremely low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), hospital admissions for crises with high blood sugar (diabetic ketoacidosis) and eye disease (retinopathy). There were also similar findings made based on C-peptide levels that were measured during the follow-up time. Overall, this study of the SDRNT1BIO cohort provides information about the relationships between C-peptide levels and important health complications and supports the use of C-peptide measurements in the clinic and in type 1 diabetes research.
A 2-yearly diabetes structured assesment program (eye, eye, feet, blood, urine) pioneered in Hong Kong in 1995 has led to the creation of the Hong Kong Diabetes Register (HKDR) which had scaled into a territory-wide diabetes risk assessment and management program in 2000 and benefitted 0.8 million people with diabetes and contributed to 50-70% reduction in diabetes complicatons and related death rate over the last 3 decades, The HKDR accompanied by a biobnak has provided the platform for building a multidisciplinary team including care professionals, community workers, clinician and data scientsits working synergistically to reveal the Asian diabetes phenotype characterised by low body weight, excess body fat, poor beta-cell function and high risk for young onset diabetes and chronic kidney disease. The multidimensional causes including genetic factors and patients' concerns discoverd by this program have provided the basis for a territory-wide precision prevention and care program for young onset diabetes using biogenetic markers, digital tools and multidisciplinary care. The evolution of the HKDR to the web-based Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation (JADE) Platform in 2007 complete with protocol for assessment and risk alogrithms for issue of personalized report with decision support has provided a platform for conducting research in pursuit of prediction, prevention, classification and treatment of diabetes with precision, quality and value.
The ADA/EASD Precision Medicine in Diabetes Initiative (PMDI) was launched in 2018 by the American Diabetes Association (ADA), in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). The PMDI has subsequently partnered with other organizations including the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) and the Diabetes Technology Society (DTS). The mandate of the PMDI is to establish consensus on the viability and ultimate clinical implementation of precision medicine for the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, prognosis, and monitoring of diabetes. This process is designed to take place through systematic evaluation of available scientific evidence, expert consultation, and broad stakeholder engagement. The mandate of the PMDI is pursued with the overarching goal of facilitating longer, healthier lives for people living with diabetes, identifying those at risk, and preventing diabetes through multiple interventional approaches.
For one week, we measured how 6116 older women spent their sedentary time using a research-grade activity monitor. All the women in this research project have participated in the largest study of women’s health in the United States (The Women’s Health Initiative) for over 20 years. This gave us detailed information for each woman, including whether they had been diagnosed with diabetes by a doctor. We looked at two aspects of their sedentary time. 1) The overall amount of time the participants spent sedentary each day. We found that women who were sedentary for more than 10 hours per day had twice the odds of diabetes compared to women sedentary less than 8 hours per day. We used additional information to control for factors related to diabetes and sedentary time in our analysis (e.g. diet, moderate and vigorous physical activity, alcohol, smokers, family history of diabetes) giving us more confidence that sedentary time was driving the association. 2) Sedentary time patterns (1), which explain how the women typically accumulated their sedentary time (i.e., in long bouts with few interruptions vs. in short bouts with many interruptions). We found that the odds of having diabetes were considerably higher among women who were often sedentary for long continuous periods compared to women who regularly interrupted their sedentary time. Our results align well with those of previous studies. They too indicate that older women who spend large proportions of the day sedentary, and those who are sedentary for long uninterrupted periods, might be at higher risk of diabetes. This is irrespective of other factors such as diet and moderate and vigorous physical activity levels (which could include brisk walking or cycling). One important limitation of this study is that we did not measure sedentary behaviors before the women got diabetes, and therefore we cannot tell which came first. High amounts of sedentary time and poor sedentary patterns could contribute to developing diabetes, though diabetes (and its consequences) could also cause women to develop bad sedentary habits. To address this possibility of ‘reverse causation’, we conducted additional tests which are detailed in the paper. The results suggested that reverse causation did not entirely explain our findings. References: 1. Diagram of sitting time accumulation patterns. https://figshare.com/articles/Sitting_Accumulation_Patterns_2108-06-06_png/6452753
Background: Neonatal diabetes has not previously been studied in the Ukraine. We investigated the genetic etiology in patients with onset of diabetes during the first 9 months of life. Methods: We established a Pediatric Diabetes Register to identify patients diagnosed with diabetes before 9 months of age. Genetic testing was undertaken for 42 patients with permanent or transient diabetes diagnosed within the first 6 months of life (n=22) or permanent diabetes diagnosed between 6 and 9 months (n=20). Results: We determined the genetic etiology in 23 of 42 (55%) patients; 86% of the patients diagnosed before 6 months and 20% diagnosed between 6-9 months. The incidence of neonatal diabetes in the Ukraine was calculated to be 1 in 126,397 live births. Conclusions: Genetic testing for patients identified through the Ukrainian Pediatric Diabetes Register identified KCNJ11 and ABCC8 mutations as the most common cause (52%) of neonatal diabetes. Transfer to sulfonylureas improved glycaemic control in all 11 patients.
People living with type 2 diabetes are at risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD), so healthcare professionals (HCPs) use treatment guidelines to help them decide when people with type 2 diabetes should be tested for CKD. People with type 2 diabetes and CKD may also develop problems with their heart and blood vessels. CKD gets worse over time, so it is important that CKD is diagnosed early and that treatments that can help slow the progression of CKD are started early. Treatment guidelines are also used by HCPs to help them decide which CKD-slowing drug treatment might be best for people with type 2 diabetes and CKD and when this drug treatment should be initiated. HCPs will work with people who have type 2 diabetes and CKD when deciding on the most appropriate drug therapies. Some HCPs who work in primary care are unfamiliar with treatment guidelines, and this means that some people with type 2 diabetes are not being tested for CKD when they should be and some people with type 2 diabetes and CKD are not receiving CKD-slowing drug treatments when they should be. In this article, three HCPs who work with people who have type 2 diabetes and CKD, and are also authors of this paper, consider the reasons why some HCPs are not using the treatment guidelines and offer their thoughts on improving the processes and methods used for testing for CKD and deciding which drug treatments to use.
Chronic kidney disease is a long-term progressive condition where one’s kidneys are not working as they should. People with chronic kidney disease may end up needing a procedure called dialysis (where a machine is used to remove toxins from a person’s blood) or a kidney transplant. People with diabetes are more likely to get kidney disease than those without diabetes. This paper provides recommendations from experts on how to detect and manage kidney disease in people with diabetes. Identifying people at risk of kidney disease, or those who are in the early stages, can help the clinician to start treatment sooner and slow down the progression of kidney disease. Tests that monitor for leaking proteins or that measure kidney filter function are used to spot early signs of kidney disease and monitor its progression. These tests should be performed at least once a year in people at risk of kidney disease, with more frequent testing in people at higher risk of kidney disease. The basic approach of managing kidney disease in people with diabetes is to always start with lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity, a healthy diet, and sufficient sleep. For people with diabetes, treatment for kidney disease often focuses on controlling blood sugar and blood pressure, as both can damage the body, including the kidneys. A checklist of proven treatments should be considered by a clinician when treating people with kidney disease and diabetes. This involves treatment with different types of medicines for slowing the progression of kidney disease. People with kidney disease and diabetes should be given the knowledge and be involved in the choice on how to optimize the management of their kidney disease. This includes the provision of infographic visual aids and other materials to support people with making informed decisions about the management of their kidney disease. Overall, early diagnosis, frequent disease-monitoring, lifestyle changes, optimized treatment, and patient empowerment can improve outcomes for people with kidney disease and diabetes.
The study aimed to quantify the incidence of diabetes during the acute phase of diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+HUS) and to identify features associated with its development. A systematic review and meta-analysis of articles assessing diabetes during D+HUS were conducted. Twenty-one studies from six countries were included, with the incidence of diabetes during the acute phase of D+HUS ranging from 0 to 15%, with a pooled incidence of 3.2% (95% CI 1.3-5.1, significant heterogeneity among studies, P = 0.007). Children who developed diabetes were more likely to have severe disease and had higher mortality than those without diabetes. Recurrence of diabetes was possible up to 60 months after initial recovery. The study concludes that children with D+HUS should be observed for diabetes during their acute illness, and long-term screening of D+HUS survivors for diabetes should be considered.
Diabetes is a complex illness that affects all aspects of a person's life. Each person makes many diabetes related choices each day. Education is regarded as an essential part in diabetes care to enable people with diabetes self care. Medical model often fails to adequately account for the person, his her social context or the role of the health care provider. This model was often not well taken by patients. A new approach was needed that recognized that patients are in control of and responsible for the daily self management of diabetes and that, to succeed, a self management plan had to fit patients goals, priorities, and lifestyle as well as their diabetes. In empowerment approach, patients are seen as experts on their own lives and the professional is seen as expert on diabetes who serves as a resource person. The role of educator is to help patients to achieve skills and to overcome barriers through education, self exploration and emotional support. The empowerment philosophy involves establishing partnerships with individual patients and creating truly patient centered practices. The benefits for patients include better communication with providers, greater satisfaction with care, improved metabolic and psychosocial outcomes, emotional wellbeing and quality of life. Manjula GB "A Paradigm Shift In Self Care Management Of Diabetes Mellitus - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5800.pdf
Background Diabetes is considered as a multi system disorder, whose prevalence is globally increasing and is considered as a global health change of 21st century. World Health Organization WHO estimates the adults having diabetes in 2014 was 422 million with obesity considered as a major contributing factor. Prediabetes is defined as impaired fasting Glucose or impaired glucose tolerance with fasting blood glucose 100 125mg dl. Prediabetes is considered as a distinct entity under the classification of ICD 10 with diagnostic code R73 09. It's a reversible condition projecting the last window opportunity against impeding diabetes. Diabetes can be considerably overcome through simple and safe measures to promote health and prevent development of Diabetes from prediabetes.Aim The study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of Diabetes Risk Reduction package on knowledge among prediabetic employees.Methods Quantitative research approach with quasi experimental design was used. A total of 178 prediabetic employees aged between 20 60 years, who could understand English and were teaching in the selected schools formed the samples, with 90 and 88 prediabetic employees each from twenty selected schools of Thiruvallur District, formed the experimental and control group. Enumerative sampling technique was used to select the samples. Data was collected using the Questionnaire prepared by the investigator.Results . Statistical analysis of the background variables revealed homogeneity between the experimental and control group in the pre test. . The mean gained knowledge score for the experimental group was 8.87 and for control group it was only 0.44 which showed that the experimental group had improved to a great extent. There was increase in post test knowledge score for all the components and it was statistically significant at P 0.001 level.Mild positive correlation was identified between the knowledge and life style.Conclusion The results indicated that the intervention tool brought significant improvement in knowledge on prediabetes which proved the effectiveness of DRRP. It was found to be simple and practicable for maintaining the healthy life and preventing the progression to diabetes by gain of adequate knowledge on prediabetes.Recommendation Adequate knowledge on prediabetes can help the employees to prevent its progression to diabetes in future. Mrs. Aswathi. K.V | Dr. S. Vijayalakshmi "Effectiveness of Diabetic Risk Reduction Package on Knowledge, among Prediabetic Employees in Selected Instiututions, Thiruvallur District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2401.pdf
Abstract Objective: To determine whether frozen shoulder heals equally well in patients with and without diabetes and whether dependency on insulin affects the outcome. Methods:We retrospectively examined 178 patients with idiopathic frozen shoulder; 27 patients had diabetes.We evaluated range of motion, pain, and functional results. The mean follow-up was 9.7 years (SD, 7.1 years). Results: In the presence of frozen shoulder, range of motion did not differ between patients with and without diabetes. At follow-up, range of motion in all directions of both the affected and unaffected shoulders of patients with diabetes was inferior to that of patients without diabetes. Among patients with diabetes, range of motion of the once-frozen shoulder reached the level of the unaffected shoulder. Patients with and without diabetes experienced similar pain except during exertion. The Constant–Murley score was not significantly different between the two groups, and insulin dependency did not lead to worse outcomes. Conclusion: Frozen shoulder heals well in patients with diabetes. Keywords Frozen shoulder, diabetes, outcome
Better control of the diabetic metabolic state will prevent the diabetes complications. However in current clinical practice, it is sometimes difficult to achieve this goal. Additionally, physicians find themselves in an equivocal position to initiate insulin therapy, its selection, combining with Oral agents and further management. The current article was written to focus on diabetes pathogenesis at molecular level, its classification and management by insulin injections. Knowledge of basic biochemistry, pharmacology with kinetics of Insulin is essential for diabetes management. Nonetheless, it should be a priority to search for evidence based clinical methodologies for selecting the patients for initiating, modifying or combining the insulin therapy. Type-1 diabetic patients are best controlled on basal bolus insulin regimens. However in type-2 diabetes, metformin with lifestyle modifications should be the first line therapy, thereafter combined with oral hypoglycemic agents or shifting to insulin gradually if diabetes remains uncontrolled. Metformin is recommended to be prescribed with insulin as compared to oral hypoglycemic agents which should be discontinued while starting insulin. Monitoring the insulin therapy on regular visits to diabetologist and diabetes multidisciplinary team remains the integral part of diabetes management. The review also outlines relevant and recent insulin analogue patents for the management of Diabetes.
Males with type 1 diabetes may be at a disadvantage compared to females with type 1 diabetes and those without diabetes in terms of romantic relationship development. The quality of emerging adults' development romantic relationships are more strongly linked to health for those with diabetes than those without diabetes. For those with type 1 diabetes, having romantic partners nag and criticize is related to poor psychological and diabetes health.
Differentiating monogenic diabetes from the more common type 2 diabetes is important, as these diagnoses may have different treatments and risk for complications. Here, we show that tools validated in adults to differentiate type 2 diabetes and monogenic diabetes do not perform well in children with clinician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes. We suggest reasons for this and explore clinical variables that may help identify monogenic diabetes in clinician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
Our understanding of diabetes is changing. We now know that many people have a kind of diabetes that doesn't perfectly match the profile of type 1 or type 2 diabetes. We've found different forms of "Atypical Diabetes" that have taught us a lot about how our bodies produce insulin and deal with sugar, and how some immune reactions occur. Because of these findings, we're now looking to classify diabetes in more specific ways based on certain characteristics. In this article, we talk about these unusual types of diabetes and what we've learned from studying them in depth. This will help doctors better diagnose and treat people with these atypical forms of diabetes. We also share useful tools for doctors to help identify and learn more about these conditions.
People with type 1 diabetes are at increased risk of developing worsening kidney disease. There are currently few therapies to treat kidney disease in type 1 diabetes. SGLT inhibitors protect kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes, though these benefits have not been demonstrated in type 1 diabetes. In a group of people with type 1 diabetes and kidney disease studied in the inTandem clinical trials, the SGLT inhibitor sotagliflozin improved blood sugar control, body weight and blood pressure, all factors associated with kidney protection. This was safe, without an increased risk of severely low blood sugars. The risk of diabetic ketoacidosis, a known complication of SGLT inhibitors, especially in people with type 1 diabetes, was not increased among those with type 1 diabetes and kidney disease compared to people without kidney disease.
Diabetes mellitus is one most of non-communicable diseases affecting mankind today. It's is estimated that more half of global population of the population will affected by Diabetes. Many risk factors increase the risk of diabetes mellitus. Among all the risk factors that affect Diabetes mellitus, gums disease are considered as one of most common risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus. Gum diseases, scientifically referred to as gingivitis and periodontitis increasing the risk of diabetes mellitus by affecting pancreatic functions, insulin resistance, and increasing the inflammation in the body. One of the key way by periodontitis increase the risk of Diabetes by increasing the formation of glycation end products. Studies have found that patients with periodontitis have higher advanced glycation end products compared to those with good oral health. Advanced glycation end products are produced when excess glucose is broken down and metabolized into glycation product such carboxy methyl lysine and carboxy ethyl lysine. This systematic review assess and evaluate studies that evaluate the role of periodontits on glycation levels
Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for early mortality and disability. As signatories to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Member States set an ambitious objective of a one-third reduction in early death due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which includes diabetes. Nonetheless, the current economic impact of diabetes on countries, individuals, and healthcare requires an agent means of its early detection. However, early detection of diabetes with conventional techniques is a considerable challenge for the healthcare industry and physicians. This study proposed a blended ensemble predictive model with Cohen's Kappa correlation-based base-learners selection to decrease unnecessary diabetes-related mortality through early detection. The empirical outcome shows that our proposed predictive model outperformed existing state-of-the-art approaches for predicting diabetes, thus resulting in enhanced diabetes prediction ability.
We report the results on undiagnosed diabetes in India and the role of healthcare access for this population. Our findings are drawn from the largest, nationally representative survey, the fourth National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4/DHS) conducted in 2015-2016, of women aged 15 to 49 years and men aged 15 to 54 years and covering all 29 states and 7 union territories in India. Our analysis provides risk factors associated with undiagnosed diabetes in India and, further, highlights the geographic discrepancies across the states of India. Our findings further draw attention to three aspects. First, 42% of the individuals in India with diabetes are unaware of their diabetes status (are “undiagnosed”). Second, there is poor detection of diabetes in India. Nearly 45% of undiagnosed diabetes individuals have access to healthcare. Third, region of the country is a significant factor for undiagnosed diabetes more so than urban versus rural dwelling populations. Further, men and younger individuals are most at risk of being undiagnosed.
We explore bone density and blood markers of bone turnover to try and explain why people with diabetes suffer bone fractures when their bone density appears good. As people with diabetes are usually both more insulin resistant, as well as having higher body fat percentage than people without diabetes, we designed a study to look at the effects of insulin resistance and body fat percentage separately. So we compared the bone density and bone turnover marker levels of people who were lean without diabetes, against three other groups who were all overweight or obese: those who were insulin sensitive without diabetes, insulin resistant without diabetes, and those who had diabetes. We found that bone density was higher in the three overweight groups, but this difference was related to their weight (and lean mass i.e. non-fat or bone mass, in particular). We found that bone turnover marker levels were lower in the insulin resistant groups, related to their insulin levels and the amount of abdominal fat they had. Both insulin levels and abdominal fat are associated with insulin resistance. We think that factors in visceral fat increase insulin resistance, thereby increasing insulin levels, and insulin acts directly on bone to reduce bone turnover.
People with diabetes often develop nerve damage (neuropathy) in which the nerves that detect sensations die back from the skin. This results in loss of sensation and also, in some cases, pain. We had already shown that a type of drug called a "muscarinic receptor antagonist" that is used to treat other diseases, causes sensory nerves to regrow in diabetic rodents. Rather than go through the long process of designing a new drug and the years of testing that is required before it can be studied in patients, we took advantage of an existing drug that is FDA-approved to treat overactive bladder, and which also happens to be a type of muscarinic receptor antagonist. US law allows physicians to use FDA-approved drugs for other purposes in what are called off-label studies. We therefore 1: tested the approved drug, oxybutynin, first in cells and then in diabetic rodents, to ensure it worked as well as those we had previously tested and then 2: tested the drug in patients with diabetes and nerve loss in the skin. We measured nerves in skin biopsies collected before treatment and after 5 months of regular treatment. The main finding was that treatment caused a significant increase in nerve density in the skin, whereas a placebo treatment did not. Patients also reported improvement of other aspects of their neuropathy including reduced pain and improved quality of life. We could not recommend that patients with diabetes start using this drug, as it was not designed for unsupervised, long term use, but the findings did encourage us to look into other more clinically viable options.
This study explores the real-life experiences of people living with type 2 diabetes who successfully achieved good blood sugar control. Through in-depth interviews with patients in primary healthcare settings, the research shows how individuals move from initial shock, denial, and emotional distress toward acceptance, lifestyle change, and self-confidence. Participants described how adjusting daily habits—such as diet, physical activity, and medication use—combined with support from family, peers, and community programs helped them manage their condition. The study highlights that controlling diabetes is not only a medical achievement, but also a personal journey involving mindset shifts, coping strategies, and social support. These patient stories provide valuable insights into how people can live healthier, more meaningful lives with diabetes.
Diabetes is a growing health issue in India, particularly in Maharashtra and Karnataka. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to improve diabetes care by helping doctors diagnose the disease early, customize treatments, and monitor patients more effectively. However, AI adoption remains limited outside major cities due to challenges like lack of awareness, infrastructure gaps, and concerns about data privacy. Key Takeaways: AI can improve early detection, personalize treatments, and support continuous patient monitoring. Many healthcare professionals are unfamiliar with AI, requiring better training programs. Government policies should address AI regulations, data security, and healthcare accessibility. AI developers must design user-friendly tools that build patient trust and engagement. By overcoming these barriers, AI can revolutionize diabetes care, making healthcare more accessible and efficient for all.
This study explores whether calorie counseling helps people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stick to their diet. Using a quasi-experimental design, 40 diabetes patients were divided into two groups: one received calorie counseling, and the other did not. Before and after the counseling sessions, their calorie intake was measured. The results showed that patients in the counseling group slightly increased their calorie intake, but the difference was not significant compared to those who did not receive counseling. This suggests that while counseling can be beneficial, other factors like family support, education, and motivation may also play a key role in diet adherence. The study highlights the need for a more personalized approach to dietary counseling for diabetes patients.
People with diabetes often focus on keeping their blood sugar within a target range, and avoiding a wide spread in sugar levels (a lot of time with high and low blood sugar). However, the speed at which blood sugar rises or falls is also important. In this study, I looked at continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data from healthy people to find out what counts as a “normal” rate of change in blood sugar. Then, I compared this with data from people with type 1 diabetes. I found that people with diabetes spend significantly more time with blood sugar changing faster than is seen in healthy individuals. I also showed that two measures of glycemic variability which have already been suggested by researchers are very closely linked to the time spent with these abnormal changes. This means doctors could use these measures to track harmful fluctuations more easily.
This study looks at how DNA information can help identify diabetes mellitus. We tested two computer models, NuSVC and XGBoost, to see which works better. NuSVC is a type of support vector machine, and XGBoost is a popular boosting method. Both can handle complex patterns in data. We compared their accuracy, speed, and reliability using real DNA sequence data from people with and without diabetes. The results show which method is more effective for early detection. This can help doctors diagnose diabetes sooner and guide better treatment decisions.
In a diabetic crisis, there is often a notable elevation of tumor markers, which may indicate a potential relationship between diabetes and future tumor risk. Diabetes, as a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, may promote tumor development through various mechanisms. For example, prolonged high blood sugar can lead to oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and cellular damage, creating an environment conducive to tumor cell mutation and proliferation. Additionally, abnormal secretion of insulin and insulin-like growth factors is closely linked to the proliferation of tumor cells. Elevated tumor markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), may be more common in diabetic patients. While these markers may rise as a non-specific response during a diabetic crisis, their elevation suggests that individuals with diabetes may be at higher risk for developing cancer in the future. Therefore, in addition to focusing on blood glucose control during a diabetic crisis, it is important for diabetic patients to regularly monitor tumor markers in order to detect potential malignancies at an early stage.
There are three major areas of managing type-2 diabetes (a) improving insulin secretion and utilization (b) regulating blood glucose (c) controlling hyperlipidaemia. Cochorus olitorius leaves contains omega fatty acids which promote the secretion and utilization of insulin. This leaf contains significant amounts of alpha-amylase inhibitor which reduces the alpha amylase enzymes thereby reducing their ability to degrade starch into glucose at a fast rate. The net effect of this activity is that glucose is released into the blood stream at a slower rate, so the upsurge of glucose into the blood stream becomes slower. This plant product also promotes the increasing of the level of High density cholesterol (referred to as good cholesterol), while it lowers the level of low density cholesterol (which is regarded as harmful cholesterol). Corchorus olitorius leaves is therefore very useful in the management of type 2 diabetes because it contributes in controlling the three areas that type 2 diabetes manifests in this non-communicable disease.. . Nutrient composition of C. olitorius leaves was determined using standard AOAC methods; alpha-amylase inhibitor content of the leaves was determined after extraction with four solvent systems. Some bioactive compounds in C. olitorius were identified with GC-MS. Diets were formulated to contain 0-20% C. olitorius and fed to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 70 days. Indices of nutritional quality, biochemical indices and histopathology of the pancreas were compared in the experimental animals. Water and 99% ethanol were the best solvents for extracting alpha amylase inhibitor from C. olitorius leaves. 9-octadecanoic acid (Z), benzoic acid,2 phenyl ester, 9-octadeceneZ-methylester and hexadecenoic acids were major bioactive compounds identified in C. olitorius leaves by GC-MS. Formulated diets containing C. olitorius decreased feed intake, body mass gain, glycosylated haemoglobin (HBA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs) in a concentration dependent manner. HDL-C (good cholesterol) increased. C. olitorius caused the regeneration of the pancreas of the alloxan -induced diabetic rats. Corchorus olitorius leaves is effective for the control of hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a lifelong condition. It needs constant attention and often requires medications to control blood sugar. But scientists are now suggesting a different approach. Instead of relying only on pills, they suggest that changing what you eat could lower the effects of T2D. This study looked at how doctors in primary care can help patients with T2D by suggesting a low-carb diet and weight loss. The results showed that 97% of participants who followed this advice saw their diabetes improve. This lasted for about 33 months on average. Plus, those who had diabetes for a shorter time and lower sugar levels at the start were more likely to see improvements. Even without complete cure, most noticed big improvements in managing it.
Nanoparticles are reliable biological tools for curative purposes through their application in nanomedicine. The present study synthesized and characterized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Tetrapetra tetrapleura fruit. The investigation aims to examine the antidiabetic effect of the AgNPs using in vitro and in vivo models. Methods Briefly, the synthesized AgNPs were confirmed by the application of ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and five other techniques, viz; transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The in vitro model assay investigated the scavenging effect of AgNPS on 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion (O2ˉ), hydroxyl anion (-OH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and α-amylase/α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The in vivo model involving rats-induced type-2 diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ) was divided into six (6) groups of seven (7) rats each to assess antioxidative parameters. Results The AgNPs scavenged free radicals (DPPH) and moderately inhibited (O2ˉ), hydroxyl anion (-OH), reduced ferric to ferrous ions, and inhibited both α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity with increasing concentrations. Similarly, AgNPs ameliorated oxidative stress imposed by type 2 diabetes on the rats’ tissues, depleting total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and increased total protein composite and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) contents. The AgNPs enhanced catalase and superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione (GSH), and, concomitantly, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the tissue homogenate. Conclusion These findings provide scientific evidence for the first time, finding the application of a biogenic compound synthesized from T. tetrapleura fruit in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
This research explores the effects of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, a type of medication used primarily to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. These drugs help lower blood sugar levels and promote weight loss by mimicking a hormone that regulates appetite and insulin. The study highlights how GLP-1R agonists, such as semaglutide, not only improve diabetes management but also have potential implications for cancer treatment. The researchers discuss the mechanisms through which these medications may influence cancer progression, including their effects on metabolism and inflammation. They emphasize the need for more research to fully understand how these drugs can be used safely and effectively, especially in patients with both diabetes and cancer.
To examine the impact and mechanisms of the aerobics exercise on gut flora and gastrointestinal hormones in type 2 diabetes rats. Methods Adult male SD rats aged 8 weeks were divided into 5 groups at random (n = 10): a peaceful comparison group (N), a diabetic comparison group (D), a diabetic low-intensity exercise group (LD), a diabetic middle-intensity exercise group (MD), and a diabetes high-intensity exercise group. (HD). The rat groups LD, MD, and HD performed aerobic exercise five times per week for a total of 6 weeks and compared general condition, blood glucose, blood lipids, insulin, leptin, gastrin (GAS) and motilin ( MOT), gastrointestinal motility, and intestinal flora. Results The levels of insulin, leptin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, E. coli, LDL-cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol,insulin,and gastric residual rate were significantly different from group N.Conclusion: Type 2 diabetic rats have gut flora imbalance and gastrointestinal hormone changes. Aerobic exercise with different intensity can alleviate gastrointestinal hormone imbalance and intestinal flora imbalance in type 2 diabetes rats, and the impact of moderate intensity exercise is the strongest.
With the prevalence of diabetes increasing substantially, diabetes screening aims to identify individuals at risk so that appropriate interventions can be initiated to prevent or manage the condition effectively. This publication provides an overview of diabetes screening in the UK, including benefits and areas for improvement.
This article reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of five different coaching types available for diabetes self-management and education: telephonic, web based, video/audio based, text message based, and mobile app based (see Table 1, pg. 150). All five coaching types aim to promote access to care and improve clinical outcomes by providing patients with tools, resources, and support to effectively self-manage their diabetes. The authors conclude that each type of coaching has its merits and can be used individually, in combination with one or more of the other types of coaching, or as a supplement to traditional diabetes self-management programs.
This review explores how diabetes affects bone health, leading to increased fracture risk in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It discusses the mechanisms behind bone fragility in diabetes and highlights the importance of monitoring fracture risk and addressing bone health in diabetic patients.
Foot disease is a serious problem for people with diabetes. The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) has been creating guidelines for almost 30 years to help healthcare providers worldwide prevent and manage diabetes-related foot issues. This publication aims to explain the history of the IWGDF Guidelines, describe the latest update from 2023, and highlight the efforts involved in creating and translating these guidelines. By understanding the story behind the IWGDF Guidelines, readers can better use the recommendations to improve care for patients with diabetes-related foot disease.
In our study, we used advanced computer-based screening to identify potential new drugs for treating type 2 diabetes. We focused on a specific enzyme called SGLT2, which plays a role in diabetes. By simulating interactions between different molecules and the SGLT2 enzyme, we identified promising compounds that could lead to the development of new diabetes treatments. Our findings offer hope for improved therapies in the future.
Managing diabetes can be a challenge, but using smartphones and special apps can make it easier. In this study, we looked at how technology like smartphone apps can help people with diabetes take better care of themselves. We gathered information from different studies and found that using these apps can improve diabetes management. They help people learn more about their condition and how to stay healthy. Plus, they can save money by reducing the need for expensive treatments. However, we still need more research to make sure these benefits last over time.
This is about a medicine called Ozempic for people with type 2 diabetes. It helps control blood sugar levels when diet and exercise alone aren't enough. Ozempic can be used alone or added to other diabetes medicines. It's given as a shot under the skin, and the dose starts low and can be increased. The main ingredient in Ozempic is semaglutide, which acts like a natural hormone in your gut to make your pancreas release more insulin when you eat. This helps keep your blood sugar in check. Studies showed that Ozempic works well. It lowered blood sugar levels and helped people lose weight. It also reduced the risk of heart problems like heart attacks and strokes in some people with diabetes. But there are some side effects, like upset stomach and possible eye problems.
This work shed new light on risk of type 1 diabetes in children seroconverting to single autoantibody in the pre-symptomatic period. Their risk in general is much less, but especially lower if they have low-risk HLA class II genotypes. While its known that children with multiple autoantibodies progress to developing type 1 diabetes in 5 to 15 years, this work has shown that having multiple autoantibodies at seroconversion, the earliest timepoint in development of autoimmunity, can reliably predict development of type 1 diabetes in up to 15 years in future.
This study showed that the target of hemoglobin in dialysis patients in order to improve survival might be different when comparing patients with and without diabetes. Patients without diabetes might benefit from a hemoglobin target between 11 and 12 whereas patients with diabetes might do better with a hemoglobin between 10 and 11.
Type 2 diabetes is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Better understanding how gene and diet interact can help us to prevent and predict the disease. We found that genetic variants in glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10) gene that impair GLUT10 function can interact with a high-fat diet (HFD) to increase risk of developing obesity, metabolic dysregulation and fatty liver in mice. We showed that GLUT10 maintains intracellular vitamin C levels, which promotes the expression of genes critical for fat cell formation. Mice with a GLUT10 variant impaired protein function have reduced fat cell formation and reduced white adipose tissue development. They have a normal metabolism on a normal diet despite having little white adipose tissue, but when on a high-fat diet, they quickly become obese, develop metabolic dysregulation and fatty liver. In fact, we shown that genetic variations in GLUT10 gene are associated with a risk factor that increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in human population. Our findings suggest that genetic variations in GLUT10 may be associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, particularly in individuals who consume a high-fat diet.
Few studies on diabetes self-management considered the patterns and relationships of different self-management behaviours (SMB). The aims of the present study are 1) to identify patterns of SMB among persons with diabetes, 2) to identify sociodemographic and disease-related predictors of SMB among persons with diabetes
We describe the acute and long-term risks of smoking on glycemic control and microvascular complications in a well-characterized cohort of participants with type 1 diabetes. This study confirms that smoking is associated with poor glycemic control and an increased risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. Elevated blood glucose levels, caused by the negative effects of smoking, account for most of the significant association between smoking and complications. Individuals with type 1 diabetes who smoke, have significantly worse metabolic control and are therefore at a greater risk of developing complications.
According to recent studies, vitamin D deficiency has been correlated with progress in type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome. This randomized double-blind clinical trial was conducted with 50 diabetic patients, who visit The National Diabetes Center, in two groups. The intervention group was implied by one single dose of 300,000 IU cholecalciferol ampule and the placebo group included oral paraffin. After recording demographic and anthropometric factors, fasting blood samples was taken for measurement of blood glucose, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3), insulin, HbA1c in two times; before the study and after eight weeks. Two groups had similar baseline characteristics (each group = 25 subjects). No statistically significant differences in the anthropometric parameters between case and control groups were observed. Vitamin D supplementation significantly increased serum vitamin D level (P = 0.0002) and a highly significant decrease (P = 0.0003) in the level of fasting blood glucose. There is no significant difference in the HbA1c ratio between both groups, but there is significantly decreasing after treatment with cholecalciferol (P=0.012). This result shows highly significance decrease (P ≤ 0.0001) in the concentration of cholesterol between both groups at post-intervention and after treatment with cholecalciferol. Also, a highly significant decrease in the level of LDL. HDL shows a highly significant increase between the two groups after supplementation with vitamin D. Triglyceride and VLDL levels significantly decreasing after treatment with cholecalciferol, respectively (P = 0.0185), (P = 0.0192). However, there are no significant differences in the level of TG (P = 0.5698) and VLDL (P = 0.4552) between the groups at post-intervention. There was not any significant difference in the level of urea and serum creatinine between two groups at the end of the intervention. Our results represented that, the single dose of vitamin D Supplementation 300,000 IU for 8 weeks may be effective by improving HbA1C and lipid profile in Iraqi patients with type 2 diabetes.
It is known that some adipokines released from adipose tissue are strongly associated with diabetes. We show that vaspin is affected by the consumption of different macronutrient content and how it correlates with diabetes parameters. The findings of the study were obtained from rats with Streptozotocin-induced diabetes and non-diabetic rats.
We reported 2 cases with positive pancreatic autoantibodies, accompanied by Hashimoto's disease, and the observation of the progression to Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), a special subtype of type 1 diabetes in adults. The study will discuss the possible connection of autoimmune background in thyroid disease and its relationship with diabetes.
This paper shows the association of age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, stroke, and hypertension with cognitive decline at baseline in TILDA participants. Although the speed of cognitive decline was higher in TILDA participants who have diabetes, the increment in the decline rate was too small to be detected in the first few years. Instead, this accelerated decline was only captured over six years from baseline, confirming that diabetes has a slow and insidious effect on cognition.
In early 2020, the novel coronavirus infected many people across the world. Global efforts were put into developing safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19. Between April and July 2020, newly developed mRNA vaccines were tested in clinical trials. These included the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID vaccine trial by Pfizer-BioNTech and the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine trial by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. In these trials, the new vaccines were well tolerated and offered up to 95% protection against COVID-19. But none of the trials included patients with advanced liver disease. In fact, only 0.6% patients in the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID vaccine trial and 0.7% patients in the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine study had diagnoses for mild forms of liver disease. Hence, how these vaccines affect patients with chronic diseases wasn’t clear. To find out how patients with chronic liver disease respond to these vaccines, a review tried to understand the effect of these vaccines on liver disease outcomes. The authors found that 6.7% and 7.8% patients in the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine trial had severe obesity and diabetes, respectively. In addition, 9.6% patients in the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID vaccine trial had diabetes. Since obesity and diabetes are risk factors of fatty liver disease, they assumed that a significant proportion of patients may have undiagnosed liver disease. These patients could also be at a high risk of developing liver disease in the future. Fortunately, the new vaccines were effective on all these patients. In contrast, for patients with severe liver diseases, vaccine efficacy was not determined.
Since its beginning, Diabetes Care has become a premier journal enhancing communication between scientific and clinical communities. The journal seems to have come full circle from its first issue in 1978 with an early description of pancreas transplantation; to insulin therapy and diabetes management during the 80s, new insights and therapies in the 90s; refinements in clinical research, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pregnancy in the 2000s; and more recently the first randomized crossover trials of a wearable artificial pancreas system in 2016. In the last decade, the journal has introduced several new programs and features, including an annual symposium presented at the American Diabetes Association’s annual Scientific Sessions, the annual Expert Forum panel discussion, and special-topic article collections.
Blood flow has to be tightly coupled to the metabolic requirements of the tissue. This study looked at how blood vessels in the back of the eye are regulated. We found that immune cells, called microglia, contact both blood vessels and neurons in the retina and are able to change blood flow to meet the needs of neurons. We identified the chemical signal by which immune cells communicate with blood vessels, and also demonstrated that immune cell regulation of blood vessels is abnormal in diabetes, a disease known to affect the blood vessels in the eye. Importantly, we found that at a very early stage of diabetes, before there are any visible changes at the back of the eye, blood vessels are abnormally narrow, affecting the way they supply the neurons of the retina. Retinal immune cells were implicated in this early vascular abnormality, implicating them as a novel therapeutic target for controlling early changes in the retina in diabetes. These are highly novel findings, that expand what we know about immune cells in the retina and brain. Up until only recently, immune cells of the nervous system were thought to sit quietly, only responding when injury or disease occurred. Our finding expands our knowledge of what these cells do and shows a highly unusual mechanism by which blood vessels are regulated. This is the first time, immune cells have been implicated in controlling blood vessel and blood flow. In the nervous system, vascular regulation has been attributed to a support cell called an astrocyte. Our results suggest that vascular regulation is more complex than previously thought.