Article • Qeios
Also, scroll to the article's end and read my reply to the review by Alessandro Rizzo. It contains thoughts about the infinite and eternal universe, something I call the Mobius Matrix, as well as the shape or geometry of spacetime.
PRELIMINARY NOTE #1 -
My approach may be called quantum-gravitational. I take "educated guesses", using the present state of scientific knowledge, at what might be revealed by a future union of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. Educated guesses sound remote from real science, but it's the best that can be done with a theory which doesn't exist yet. Of course, the maths accompanying that theory doesn't exist either - so formal mathematics can't be used. The quantum-gravitational approach isn't meant to be purely mathematical but also physical, with the binary digits and Mobius strips that compose every fermion and boson being linked - a state at odds with our human frame of reference of seeing objects and events as separated. As the movie "Interstellar" pointed out, people will oneday be able to build things they can't build now. Let's scientifically explore a few of those things. (Thanks go to Penny from TV's "Big Bang Theory" for inspiring Interstellar-related thoughts!)
At the start of the 20th century, physicist Max Planck assumed that electromagnetic radiation can only be emitted or absorbed in discrete packets, called quanta. He thought of his discovery as nothing more than a math device ... a kind of trickery. Albert Einstein developed his explanation of the photoelectric effect from this “mathematical convenience”. So it appears entirely possible that another supposed mathematical trickery (Wick rotation) will find practical application in the future.
Imagine the universe actually is a holographic projection or a computer simulation where every fermion and boson is linked by the AI-generating BITS (binary digits) of 1 and 0. What happens to formal mathematical definitions when every fermion and boson is linked? The linkage means everything throughout time and space can be regarded as one particle. This is reminiscent of John Wheeler's and Richard Feynman's speculation that the entire universe consists of just one electron, zigzagging through time (the weirdness of quantum physics vanishes and no particle can exist in two places at once since the unification of everything in space and time - possibly achieved with Quantum Gravity - means only one place or event can ever exist in the universal, co-moving frame of reference where observer and observed are united). If the universe can be regarded as one particle, how can one thing be added to another thing? Then 1+1=2 cannot be true in an absolute or quantum-gravity sense. 1+1=2 would only be true in the human frame of reference (it would also be true in the technology and mathematics which the human frame of reference developed). These conclusions regarding 1+1=2 may be compatible not only with a QG (quantum-gravitational) approach but also with an LF (Leonardo-Faraday) one. Neither Leonardo da Vinci nor Michael Faraday appear to have trained in the formal mathematics of their time but that lack never stopped them from discovering great things.
1+1 would equal 2 if human mathematics and technology from the 21st century used general relativity's curvature of time - made circular by Wick rotation and warping spacetime - to create the universe. But I look around and see that our tech/maths is not advanced enough yet. In forwards time travel, the waves composing mass in the x-axis and y-axis rotate in the counter-clockwise direction. Compare Wick rotation to a DVD that has no end. The future destination is reached by a computer using tensor calculus to change the present coordinates in the Cosmic DVD to ones in the future. To use a simple example confined to two dimensions: -1,+ i becomes +1, -i. This is interdimensional travel since it incorporates both the time and space elements of the time-space unity i.e. Wick rotation residing in the Mobius strips and figure-8 Klein bottles * composing space and mass. Backwards travel in time is identical to forward trips except for the coordinates being different and belonging to points in the past.
* 1-dimensional BITS encode two-dimensional (2D) Mobius bands instead of the untwisted Strings of String Theory or Loop Quantum Gravity (also, binary digits may be thought of as strings of 1’s and 0’s). A Mobius band, with its undulations and single surface, must be travelled around twice to reach the starting point. This raises the possibility that billions or trillions of Mobius strips compose every particle of matter since such particles must be turned 720 degrees (completely rotated twice) to look the same. If photons and gravitons share EDM with neutrons, it’s reasonable to conclude the symmetry means photons and gravitons are also composed of Mobius loops. Electromagnetism and gravitation aren’t identical, so a photon might be simply constructed from billions of Mobius bands while a more complex graviton might be based on a pair of Mobius strips uniting into a figure-8 Klein bottle which is immersed in the 3rd dimension.
Billions, or more, of these “Mobius Doublets” form a graviton. Photon-graviton momentum and interaction would not only produce a matter particle’s, and black hole's, quantum spin but a pressure that’s equivalent to what we call mass or solidity. Any particle’s mass, including the Higgs boson’s or that of the bosons belonging to the nuclear forces, would be created this way. Possessing an electric dipole moment, every massive or force-carrying particle would have both positive and negative charge – capable of cancelling to produce neutrality. The imaginary numbers - essential to quantum physics - in Wick rotation would combine with Wick's real numbers to produce time, and rotation of gravitational and electromagnetic waves would be energy forming mass on the x-axis plus dark energy forming dark matter on the y-axis.
PRELIMINARY NOTE #2 -
The photoelectric effect, plus imaginary and complex numbers, say the universe never Started with a Bang
In A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking said there are no boundaries or singularities in imaginary time. I know Wick rotation is regarded as mathematical convenience or trickery. But Max Planck thought of his idea of quanta as a math convenience. And Albert Einstein seems to have developed the photoelectric effect's explanation from Planck's quanta. So could Wick rotation also end up having practical application, with our so-called real time existing on the X-axis and imaginary time on the y-axis. In that case, would the lack of boundaries and singularities mean the universe has no beginning or end? The relevance of imaginary numbers to the cosmos is that complex numbers have uses in quantum field theory, special and general relativity, and spinors.
Real time and real numbers are still present, so we can't get rid of an initial singularity through a Wick rotation. This reflects the fact that Wick rotation isn't so useful in General Relativity. But Einstein's theory, though the best theory we have of gravity and the universe, is incomplete. It needs to be combined with quantum physics. In such a theory of quantum gravity, it's possible that Wick rotation is extremely useful, just as it's a very useful mathematical technique in quantum field theory. We don't live in a universe that is merely real (governed by real numbers) or exclusively imaginary but is complex, embodying a union of real plus imaginary. Then Wick rotation means there could be an additional time dimension - time and space are inseparable, so another space dimension also exists - as California Prof. Itzhak Bars has said (https://phys.org/news/2007-05-two-time-universe-physicist-explores-dimension.html). Just as E=mc^2 describes energy producing mass in known space-time, dark energy might not be the cause of alleged cosmic expansion but could account for the formation of dark matter. Thanks to astrophysicist Ethan Siegel for inspiring this paragraph.
I'm reading an article titled "Scientists Seek Life Across the Multiverse" and it says,
"If the multiverse hypothesis is correct, physicists would no longer have to find explanations for the absurdly improbable fine-tuning of the laws of nature that has made our existence possible. We are just lucky to live in a good universe among many different ones. One universe fine-tuned for life is an unlikely fluke. But one habitable universe among many is to be expected."
Another way of phrasing this is - Scientists are so eager to avoid any notion of Intelligent Design of the cosmos that they're willing to deny Earth's own scientific potential ... and their own intelligence.
Evolution can be observed in the form of adaptation of structure and function to the environment but there’s no reason to extrapolate this theory in order for it to account for life’s origin. In future centuries, human technology will develop terraforming and incredibly advanced bioengineering of cells - amino acids, proteins, water, nucleic acids, etc which were gathered in space or on planets and combined (science already knows these molecules exist out there). This could account for life’s origin since it agrees with 19th-century chemist Louis Pasteur’s proving that life can only originate from life. The origin-of-life hypothesis presented here obviously needs time travel back to a time when there was no life. This is feasible using General Relativity's concept of curved time (which is made circular via Wick rotation and future warping of space-time).
It's convenient to say Wick rotation is a form of mathematical trickery but explanation of the photoelectric effect seems to have sprung directly from Max Planck's idea of quanta - now called photons - which was also regarded for years as a mathematical convenience. Could an extension of evolution spring directly from the supposed math trickery of Wick rotation? We only need to be open to our current interpretations of science and maths not being set in stone. History has shown that presently accepted theories always change. And we are not the endpoint of history - we're simply one more step passing through it.
ABSTRACT
The article begins by mentioning the accepted correlation between Albert Einstein’s relativistic equations, as well as James Clerk Maxwell’s electromagnetic waves, with the Prandtl-Glauert equations for fluid flow. These topics are explored in the article -
Rizzo, A. (2024). On the Vacuum Hydrodynamics of Moving Bodies (The Theory of General Singularity). *Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 10*(3), 875-905. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2024.103054
The equation-free mention at the start of SUSY VIA EDM nevertheless ends with 180° ΔO = + => - (180 Degree Change in Orientation Equals Positive Becomes Negative). Of course, it also means negative can become positive: 180° ΔO = - => +. Using this article’s new equations, the Electric Dipole Moment is introduced and the charges of the quarks composing a neutron are transformed. EDM’s undetectability is explained from the perspective of a hypothetical someone who doesn’t accept the Big Bang but believes the universe is literally infinite and eternal. Then quantum spin of matter particles is discussed, and extended to astronomy’s black holes, in terms of photons and gravitons not being elementary force-carrying particles but being in possession of EDM. The photon-graviton interaction producing quantum spin is proposed as electromagnetic and gravitational vectors in a figure that might be called “Vector-Tensor-Scalar Geometry”, as well as being related to quaternions plus the Higgs boson and field. Then the article returns to black holes, showing how the inability of light to escape them leads to a 4-dimensional space-time: via binary digits or base 2 mathematics, Mobius bands, figure-8 Klein bottles, and Wick rotation. The electric potential of photons and gravitons is then interpreted not strictly as a neutron-identical Electric Dipole Moment but as a vast array of pulses sharing similarities with modern computers and electronics – the binary digits of the previous sentence. As a consequence of the electric force-carriers bringing them into existence, particles of matter and antimatter are symmetrical with bosons in the sense that every boson or fermion is, at its most fundamental level, composed of binary digits. Imaginary numbers are essential to quantum mechanics, and this article connects the imaginary numbers of Wick rotation to the nature of time. Therefore, the words here are not painting a classical picture of space-time. The 1’s and 0’s of binary digits are compatible with quantum mechanics and may be referred to as the Hidden Variables which Einstein advocated to complete quantum physics, and to give its calculations an exactness which would bring a hidden order to its chaotic randomness and superficial uncertainty. If the universe can be quantized and viewed as comprised of infinitesimal ones and zeros, how could it not obey quantum physics? And if those ones and zeros are all ultimately connected by Quantum Gravity, waves and particles could never be separated but wave-particle duality would rule. To finish, many thanks to Albert Einstein for laying the foundations of this article 105 years ago when he published a paper titled “Do gravitational fields play an essential role in the structure of elementary particles?” Immediately before submission for publication, a few topics were added to this article - dark matter, precession, the Hodge conjecture, and the Riemann hypothesis.
Keywords: electric dipole moment, quantum spin, mass, symmetry, black holes, vector-tensor-scalar geometry, photon-graviton interaction, 4-dimensional space-time, BITS, binary digits, topology, Mobius band, figure-8 Klein bottle, Wick rotation, imaginary numbers, hidden variables, quaternions, dark matter, precession, Hodge conjecture, Riemann hypothesis.
