Anopheles stephensi: The emerging vector of malaria in the Republic of Djibouti, Horn of Africa

What is it about?

The present study investigated mosquito species composition and phenotypic insecticide resistance profile to support decision-making in vector control in the Republic of Djibouti at the Horn of Africa. Adult mosquitoes were collected between December 2016 and December 2017 across 20 sentinel sites established in the 6 regions of the country using both Centers for Disease Control (CDC) miniature light traps and pyrethrum spray catches (PSC). Female mosquitoes were kept aside, for morphological identification to species by an expert entomologist using appropriate taxonomic keys by Gillies & Coetzee and Glick. Bioassays were also conducted in An. stephensi from Djibouti-ville against nine insecticides used in public health. A total number of 12,538 host-seeking mosquitoes belonging to four genera (Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Uranotaenia) comprising 12 species were collected. Among these, A. gambiae S.L. and A. stephensi were the two major malaria vectors identified while secondary malaria vectors such as A. nili somalicus, A. dthali and A. azaniae were also collected. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most abundant mosquito species in the 6 regions. WHO susceptibility tests performed on A. stephensi population from Djibouti-ville showed resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates and DDT. The resistance intensity bioassays indicated low to moderate intensity of resistance with pyrethroid insecticides and the organophosphate pirimiphos methyl. Meanwhile pre-exposure to PBO suggested involvement of P450 detoxification enzymes in pyrethroid resistance. These findings revealed the urgent need to develop and implement a programme for monitoring and managing insecticide resistance in local vector populations with efficient control strategies in Djibouti.

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Photo by Angela Handfest on Unsplash

Photo by Angela Handfest on Unsplash

Why is it important?

RG wrote the main study protocol and design the study. HMO, MMI and RG supervised the study data collections. RG performed data analysis. RG wrote the initial draft of the manuscript, which was revised by AS. HYD and AOB provided administrative and logistics support. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. We thank Angela Anna de Tommasi, Aicha Mohamed Ali and Dr. Ignace Bimenyimana of United Nations Development Programme for their support during the conduct of activities. We also thank the technical staff of Djibouti NMCP and NPHI for their assistance. We are grateful to heads of households for their kind collaboration.

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