Geophysical subsurface monitoring with an example of integrity determination.

What is it about?

MVA programs (Monitoring, Verification and Accounting) are designed and implemented to track and account for the mass of injected CO2, to protect underground sources of drinking water, and to protect the atmos- phere from storage-related impacts. Although globally there have been many small-scale pilot and demonstra-tion projects, to date there are few large-scale carbon capture, use, and storage (CCUS) projects, and there are limited examples of monitoring technologies with historical performance. Updated case histories and ex- amples of emerging technologies, such as those pre- sented in this special section, are important for the development of robust reservoir and plume manage- ment programs for CCUS projects with expected 30– 50-year life spans.

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Why is it important?

CO2 in the atmosphere has a well established climate change effect, popularly referred to as global warming. In order to reduce the presence of CO2 in the atmosphere, industrially produced CO2 needs to be sequestered as much as is possible. MVA activities are critical to assess storage site performance and meet the regulatory requirements of the new Class VI Underground Injection Control Program for Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) geologic sequestration.

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