Using toot metaphors for the management of projects.

What is it about?

In traditional project management (PM), knowledge integration assumes upfront plans as explicit knowledge. However, for complex projects that cannot be fully specified in advance, knowledge integration requires emergent learning in situated contexts, which involves explicit knowledge (know-that) and experiential knowledge (know-how).

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Why is it important?

To expand traditional PM knowledge boundaries, the root-metaphor perspectives of American philosopher Stephen Pepper are interpreted as a PM framework, focusing on Mechanism for traditional PM and Contextualism for situated approaches. Using this root-metaphor framework, explicit know-that and experiential know-how are mutually complementary when projects are viewed as modes of organizing and learning for temporary undertakings, which encompasses process and task perspectives.