Finding if data is used more than once in publications prior to conducting meta

What is it about?

Anyone conducting a meta-analysis in any field is likely to encounter publications that use the same data more than once. These duplicate data sets will bias your results. This paper provides a decision tree or heuristic for detecting duplication. There are also suggested remedies.

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Why is it important?

The use of one data set in multiple publications is common across all disciplines. Not addressing this duplication will bias the outcomes of your meta.