When Is the Time to Hate?

What is it about?

The purpose of this article is to study, with the help of a literature review, the significance of unexpected, dramatic, terrorist-related events for Islamophobic prejudice and Islamophobic hate crimes in Europe.

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Why is it important?

In Europe, anti-Muslim prejudice has deep historical roots. However, the consequences for public opinion of the 9/11 attacks should not be underestimated. The terrorist attacks of 9/11, together with the bombings in Europe, reignited anti-Muslim opinion in Europe. The studies of Islamophobia and Islamophobic hate crimes considered in the article privilege a dynamic view of time: terrorist attacks instill a sense of uncertainty and risk and Islamophobia and hate crimes are to a large extent event-driven and reactive, and tend to flare up on the heels of dramatic events.