Turbulence closure modeling of wave-driven free-surface flows

What is it about?

This study looks at how ocean waves and turbulence interact at the water’s surface and how we can best model that interaction using computers. Many existing turbulence models either smooth out the waves too much or create unrealistic results, especially when waves hit structures. We tested different models to see which ones can both preserve wave energy in calm conditions and correctly capture turbulence when waves break or interact with obstacles. The results point to specific model combinations that give more accurate and physically realistic predictions of wave behavior.

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Why is it important?

This work demonstrates why accurately modeling turbulence is crucial to understanding how waves propagate and interact with structures. We found that common models often exaggerate turbulence, which makes waves fade too quickly and produces unrealistic results. By contrast, more advanced models, especially the Shih et al. length-scale model combined with “realizable” corrections, can preserve wave energy in calm conditions and still capture strong turbulence during wave–structure interactions. This balance is crucial for accurate predictions of wave forces and energy loss. Our findings highlight the model combinations that yield the most reliable results, providing engineers and scientists with better tools to simulate waves for offshore design, marine safety, and environmental studies.

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