Open Access version
The Application and Practice of International Refugee Laws in Ghana: A Case Study of Egyeikrom Refugee Camp _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: Email: kwarteng115@yahoo.com;
Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences
5(3): 1-11, 2018; Article no.ARJASS.39406
ISSN: 2456-4761
The Application and Practice of International
Refugee Laws in Ghana: A Case Study of Egyeikrom
Refugee Camp
Abdul Hamid Kwarteng1*
1School of Law, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, 182# Nanhu Avenue, East Lake
High-tech Development Zone, Wuhan 430073, P. R. China.
Author’s contributions
This The sole author designed, analyzed, interpreted and prepared the manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/ARJASS/2018/39406
Editor(s):
(1) Ana Sofia Pedrosa Gomes dos Santos, Department of Education, Social Sciences, and Humanities, University of Lisbon,
Portugal.
Reviewers:
(1) Lawrence Jekwu Okoye, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.
(2) Rasheed Adenrele Adetoro, Federal College of Education, Nigeria.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/22967
Received 16th November 2017
Accepted 25th January 2018
Published 1st February 2018
ABSTRACT
As a signatory of the 1951 United Nations (UN) Convention on the Status and Rights of Refuges
and the AU 1969 Refugee Convention, Ghana is obliged by international law and convention to
ensure and guarantee the basic rights of refugees in Egyeikrom Refugee camps. These basic
rights include, but not limited to: the right to public education, right to efficient health care services,
access and availability of food, shelter, safe and good drinking water, security and the right to a
clean and healthy environment.
The purpose of the research was to find out what constitute the implementation gaps as far as
guaranteeing the basic rights of refugees in Egyeikrom camp is concerned. The study adopted the
case study approach and used both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. The
qualitative methods used were interviews, focused group discussions, and personal observation. A
questionnaire was also used to solicit the view of 336 respondents and the data was analyzed
using NVivo and the Statistical Package for Social Science software. The findings from the study
revealed that the main implementation gap in Egyeikrom Refugee camp as far as ensuring the
rights of refugees are concerned were in the areas of educational rights, shelter, security and
environmental conditions in the camp. It is therefore recommended that the UNHCR, Ghana
Original Research Article
Kwarteng; ARJASS, 5(3): 1-11, 2018; Article no.ARJASS.39406
2
government and NGOs should collaborate together to find lasting solutions to these problems
through adequate funding in providing habitable facilities, better security and education in the
refugee camp.
Keywords: The 1951 UN convention on the rights and status of refugees; the AU 1969 refugee
convention; refugee laws refugee rights; egyeikrom refugee camp.
1. INTRODUCTION
The UN 1951 convention on the status of a
refugee is the internationally accepted
convention that defines the status of refugees
and binds countries to accept refugees and treat
them with maximum respect as enshrined in the
convention. The convention defines a refugee
“as a person who is outside his or her country of
nationality or habitual residence; has a wellfounded
fear of being persecuted because of his
or her race, religion, nationality, membership of a
particular social group or political opinion; and is
unable or unwilling to avail him or herself of the
protection of that country, or to return there, for
fear of persecution”[1].
The 1951 convention on the status of a refugee
and its Protocol in 1967 have been very
important documents with regards to the
protection of the rights of refugees and in fact, it
is these documents that have engineered other
important regional instrument on the rights and
protection of refugees in other parts of the world.
In Africa, for example, the Organization of Africa
Unity (OAU) which is currently known as the
African Union (AU) came out with a regional
supplementary refugee convention in 1969 to
further deepen and protect the rights of refugees
in the continent. The OAU 1969 refugee
convention broadens the definition of a refugee
to reflect the African situation where political
instability, ethnic conflicts, among others also
leads to massive inflow of refugees and
displacement. It defined a refugee as “Every
person who, owing to external aggression,
occupation, foreign domination or events
seriously disturbing order in either part of or the
whole of his country of origin or nationality is
compelled to leave his place of habitual
residence in order to seek refuge in another
place outside his country of origin or nationality”
[2].
The OAU 1969 convention also sets out some
rights to be enjoyed by persons who qualify to
attain the status of refugees among which
include the freedom of non-discrimination,
freedom of religion, the right to public relief and
assistance, right to education, and right to
housing.
The United Nation High Commission for
Refugees (UNHCR) is the main UN agency
responsible for the protection of refugees. It
must, however, be emphasized that the UNHCR
relies heavily on donation in order to enable them
to work effectively and efficiently. It is also at the
mercy of the host country as some countries
sometimes refuse to accept some refugees due
to matters relating to national security. UNHCR
has the authority to advocate and negotiate with
Governments, NGOs and other stakeholders in
host countries to promote the rights of refugees.
It does not necessarily have a direct influence on
the decisions that these various stakeholders
make [3].
1.1 The Research Problem and the
Reasons for the Selection of
Egyeikrom Refugee Camp
Ghana as a signatory to the UN 1951 convention
on the status of refugees and the 1969 OAU
Convention is obliged to ensure that refugees in
Egyeikrom Refugee camp have right to public
education, gainful employment, freedom of
movement, issuance of travel documents,
naturalization, freedom of religion, provision of
basic necessities like health care, food, and a
good and clean water as well as the right to
enjoy free and fair trial without discrimination of
any kind.
The primary purpose of the research, therefore,
was to uncover the implementation gaps in the
application of refugee rights as far as
international instruments and conventions are
concerned with particular reference to the 1951
convention on the status of refugees and its
protocol in 1967 as well as the OAU 1969
convention on refugees. Thus the research
seeks to find out the extent to which Ghana
ensures that the refugees in the Egyeikrom
Refugee camp are given their rights as
acknowledged and enshrined in both national,
regional and international framework. In other
words, the primary task of this study was to
Kwarteng; ARJASS, 5(3): 1-11, 2018; Article no.ARJASS.39406
3
identify which rights under the refugee
convention act is Ghana really ensuring as
demanded by international law and which rights
is Ghana not able to ensure as expected and
base on these implementation gaps offer durable
recommendation to the government of Ghana
and other stakeholders that are responsible for
the protection of refugees in the Egyeikrom
Refugee camp.
The research problem is situated in the broader
discourse around the obligation of a host country
to protect the rights of refugees in their territorial
borders. This means that being a signatory and
ratifying the 1951 Convention and other related
international and regional treaties and
conventions, Ghana has pledged to provide
protection to refugees in its territory.
Egyeikrom Refugee camp was selected for the
study because it is currently the main camp in
Ghana, where refugees from neighboring
countries are hosted. Even though Buduburam
Refugee camp is the first camp that was
established in Ghana to host refugees, most of
the refugees that initially settled in Buduburam
camp have either moved to settle in Egyeikrom
Refugee camp or integrated into the Ghanaian
community.
Also, due to the increase in the number of
refugees in Egyeikrom refugee camp in recent
times, the camp has received so much attention,
support and donations from the Ghanaian
Government, philanthropist, NGOs and other
countries as well. For example, the Government
of Denmark has over the years provided
numerous supports to the camp and on August
2016, the Danish ambassador in Ghana together
with some Danish auditors visited the camp to
assess the impact of Denmark’s contribution to
the camp [4].
1.2 Rationale and Justification of the
Study
The study is justified on the basis that Egyeikrom
refugee camp is the biggest refugee camp in
Ghana which hosts refugees from various
neighboring countries most especially refugees
from Côte D’Ivoire. In recent times, refugees in
the camp have complained about the living
standard of the camp, which have been reported
by some media houses in Ghana. For instance,
on the 16th of September 2011, Ivorian refugees
in the camp demonstrated against what they
termed as poor living conditions in the camp [5].
This news was reported by Citi FM (one of the
media house in Ghana).
However, the refugees were not able to
specifically point to which rights were not well
ensured by authorities, leading to what they
termed as poor conditions in the camp which
eventually led to their demonstration. In other
words, the complaint of the refugees was
general, hence there was the need to
scientifically ascertain which specific rights of the
refugees are not well ensured by authorities (the
implementation gaps) so as to help design
policies and programmes aimed at addressing
this problem and hence the rationale and
justification of the study.
The study is of importance and needs to be given
greater attention due to the fact that it
scientifically identify which of the rights of the
refugees in the camp are abused as well as
which of the rights are well ensured and this will
help decision and policy makers to tailor policies
and programmes to address specific problems
with regards to the rights of the refugees in the
camp.
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Study Design
The research design adopted for the study is the
case-study approach, employing both qualitative
and quantitative methods of data collection.
According to [6], the case study strategy of
inquiry enables the researcher to investigate indepth
into programmes, event, activity, process,
or one or more individuals. A case study
approach enables a researcher to focus his or
her full attention on the respondents because the
researcher has a definite sample of respondents
which in most cases are not scattered along wide
areas or range and as such an in-depth inquiry is
likely to be achieved.
2.2 Study Population
The Egyeikrom Refugee camp is located in
Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abirem (KEEA)
Municipality, which is in the Central Region of
Ghana. It was established on 20th July 2011 by
the Government of Ghana with the assistance of
UNHCR mainly to host Ivorian refugees and
asylum seekers who fled their home country to
Ghana because of the violence that erupted in
Côte D'Ivoire after the 2010 presidential
elections. In the year 2015, the camp also
Kwarteng; ARJASS, 5(3): 1-11, 2018; Article no.ARJASS.39406
4
recorded about 450 new arrivals as a result of
the recent presidential elections that were
conducted [7].
The camp receives its assistance mainly from the
government of Ghana through institutions like the
National Disaster Management Organization
(NADMO), the Police, the Municipal Assembly as
well as the Ghana Refugee Board. In addition to
the above, other institutions like the National
Catholic Secretariat (NCS) also assist in the
provision of health service, food, shelter as well
as water and the management of sanitation in
the camp. Moreover, The Christian Council of
Ghana (CCG) also provides Basic Education for
refugees, and the Adventist Development and
Relief Agency (ADRA) is in charge of
implementing livelihood programmes such as
skills training, apprenticeship programmes, small
business support, English proficiency classes
and agricultural training [8].
According to the UNHCR, as of the year 2016,
the camp had a population of about two
thousand, one hundred and twelve (2,112)
people.
2.3 Research Instrument and Sample
Selection
The research made use of both primary and
secondary sources of data. The secondary
source, includes books, articles, and reports that
were of relevance to the work. Information on the
internet was also studied. With regards to the
primary source, on the other hand, the
researcher made use of observations, focused
group discussions as well as the use of a
questionnaire to solicit the views of respondents
on what they think constitute the implementation
gap as far as their rights as refugees are
concerned.
With a total population of 2,112 and at 95% level
of confidence (i.e. 0.05% margin of error) and by
using the simple formula for selecting a sample
which is (n= N/1+Ne²) where n represents the
sample size, N represents the total population
and e² represents the margin. A sample size of
336 was selected from the population for the
study. Thus:
n= 2112/1+2112(0.05)²
n=2112/1+2112x0.0025
n= 2112/1+5.28
n=2112/6.28
n=336.3= 336
In order to obtain a comprehensive and an
unbiased analysis, the personal observations,
short interviews, and findings of the focused
group discussions that were conducted by the
researcher was analyzed alongside the response
of the respondents.
The collection of data for the study was done
within a period of three months, thus, from June
2017 to August 2017.
2.4 Framework for Data Analysis
The collected data from the field was edited,
coded and fed into the computer by the use of
the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS
version 20) software for the purpose of data
analyses. The SPSS software enabled the
researcher to highlight important elements that in
the view of respondents constitute the
implementation gaps and this was compared with
personal observations, interviews as well findings
from some focused group discussions. The
processed data that was produced by the SPSS
software was presented by the use of
percentages, figures, and tables in order to
comprehensively analyze the data.
Also, the qualitative data that was gathered from
the short interviews and personal observation of
the researcher was fed into the NVivo software
for the purpose of a comprehensive analysis.
3. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH
FINDINGS
3.1 Demographic Characteristics of
Respondents
The socio-demographic characteristics of
respondents give a clear picture of respondents
who participated in the survey. The sociodemographic
variables which were considered
include sex, age, educational background and
country of origin (See Table 1)
3.2 Basic Rights Enjoyed in the Camp
Inferring from the 1951 convention on the status
of refugees and other legal instruments, refugees
are entitled to several rights among which
include: The right to integration and assistance,
the right to wage-earning employment, the right
to housing, the right to education, public relief
and health care, family unity and reunification,
access to court, freedom of residence and
Kwarteng; ARJASS, 5(3): 1-11, 2018; Article no.ARJASS.39406
5
Table 1. Distribution of respondents by demographic characteristics
Variable Frequency Percentage (%)
Sex
Male
Female
Total
209
117
336
62
38
100
Age
18-23
24-29
30-35
36-40
41 above
Total
43
60
119
89
25
336
13
18
35
27
7
100
Educational background
Basic ( Primary/JHS)
Secondary
No formal education
Total
191
53
92
336
57
16
27
100
Country of origin
Côte D’Ivoire
Liberia
Togo
Total
266
46
24
336
79
14
7
100
Source: Field survey, 2017. NB: Sample size (n): 336
movement, security among others [9]. However,
by the government, the basic rights to be enjoyed
by refugees in the camp will be limited to the
right to public education, right to efficient health
care services, access and availability of food,
shelter, access to safe and good drinking water,
security and the right to a clean and healthy
environment.
By knowing which rights, refugees in the camp
enjoyed and comparing that to the rights that
they are generally expected to enjoy, one can
identify the implementation gaps.
To begin with, a personal observation made by
the researcher, revealed that most of the
refugees were in possession of National Health
Insurance Scheme (NHIS) card. The NHIS card
is an insurance card that enables individuals in
Ghana to get free access to health services and
as such the researcher went further to conduct
an interview in order to ascertain how the
refugees obtained the card. When respondents
were interviewed as to how they obtained this
card, they were of the view that it was the
UNHCR that enrolled them on the NHIS
and gave them that card in order to enable
them get access to health facilities in Ghana
and in fact quite a few of them testified that the
NHIS card has been helpful in some
situations due to the fact they were able to
access health service in some hospitals without
having to pay anything. One of the respondents
said:
“We were assembled and our photographs
and fingerprints were taken, then after, we
were given this card by the officers and we
were told to use it when we visit public
hospitals for health care services”
This observation was juxtaposed with the
response of respondents when they were asked
whether in their opinion, their rights to efficient
health care services have been catered for to
their expectation, the following responses were
obtained: 42% of respondents stated that they
agreed with this assertion with 26% stating that
they are not really sure whether their health care
needs have been catered for or not. 19%
indicated that they strongly agreed and finally
13% of the respondents, on the other hand,
disagreed with this assertion (See Fig. 1). This
finding indicates a mixed feeling with regards to
the health care service in the camp. Thus,
though the majority of the respondents’ agreed,
quite a large number, i.e. 26% were
that they were indecisive.
In one of the focused group discussions
respondents, most of them were of
they are not really bothered
educational rights because they are
that of their children is of great concern
and in their opinion, their children have
given the best form of education. A
noted to have said:
“I don’t care about my education
am old, but my child needs to go
be a better person in future”.
Also, when some of the officers
services and seeing to the
administration of the camp were
about the status of education in the
were of the view that though it
ensure that the educational rights of
are well guaranteed, they are doing
provide them with the best form of education
they can. They added that their main
that it has become difficult to secure
or educational scholarship for the refugees.
On the educational rights of the respondents,
following were the responses
obtained: the greater portion representing
indicated that in their opinion,
disagreed with the assertion
educational rights have been duly
14% of the respondents also stated
Fig. 1. Distribution
Source: Field
13%
26%
Your right to efficient health care service has been
duly catered for to your expectation
Kwarteng; ARJASS, 5(3): 1-11, 2018; Article no.
6
of the view
with
the view that
about their
adults, but
to them
not been
respondent is
because I
to school to
providing
day-to-day
interviewed
camp, they
is difficult to
the refugees
their best to
that
challenge is
sponsorship
the
which were
61%
they strongly
that their
catered for.
that they
disagreed while 13%, on the other
the view that in their opinion their
rights have been duly catered for and
of the respondents stated that they
made any decision on that yet (See
suggests that to a large extent,
respondents are not happy with
education rights are handled in the
Furthermore, a personal observation
the researcher confirmed the fact that
the camp were served with lunch
during most of the time that the
visited the camp for the collection of
When the response of respondents
food is available and accessible at
analyzed, it revealed that almost
respondents thus 96% were of the
is always available and accessible
follow up question to that was how
access to food in a day and the
was analyzed indicated that the majority
respondents representing 74% were
that, they have access to food thrice
the remaining 26% percent indicating
most cases they have access to food
in a day (See Fig. 3).
The researcher observed that, in
respondents were given one sachet
when served with food. Even
complained that the one sachet is
most of the refugees were contented
one sachet of water provided
of respondents by health in the camp
survey, 2017. NB: Sample size (n): 336
19%
42%
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Undecided
; ARJASS.39406
hand, were of
educational
finally 12%
have not
Fig. 2). This
most of the
how their
camp.
made by
refugees in
and supper
researcher
data.
on whether
all times was
all the
view that food
in the camp. A
often they get
response that
of the
of the view
in a day with
that in
only twice
most cases,
of water
though some
not enough,
with the
for them.
Kwarteng; ARJASS, 5(3): 1-11, 2018; Article no.ARJASS.39406
7
Fig. 2. Distribution of respondents by educational rights
Source: Field survey, 2017. NB: Sample size (n): 336
Fig. 3. Distribution of respondents on the accessibility and availability of food
Source: Field survey, 2017. NB: Sample size (n): 336
Furthermore, the researcher in an interview with
some of the respondents asked whether they are
provided with drinking water only when they are
served with meals and this is what a respondent
said:
“ If you a thirsty, you can ask for water and
the camp administrators will make some
available for you, but in order not to waste
the drinking water, the camp administrators
don’t leave the water in the opening but
always keep it safe somewhere”.
In a focused group discussion, a respondent
said:
“Once they provide us with food every day
they also provide us with water as well”.
When the response of respondents on whether
they have access to good drinking water
was analyzed, it revealed that the majority of
the respondents representing 64% were of the
view that they strongly agreed and 24% also
indicated that they agreed while 9%, on the other
13% 61%
14%
12%
Your educational rights has been duly catered for
to your expectation
Strongly disagree
Agree
Disagree
Undecided
26%
74%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Often Very often
Strongly agree Agree
How often do you get access to food in a day
hand, disagreed and finally 4% who
made any decision on this assertion
Table 2).
Again, a personal observation made
researcher revealed that most of
reside under emergency plastic sheet
worse part of this situation was that
tents are worn out and most of them
weak. Officers’ in charge of the
administration of the camp confirmed
researcher in an interview that
refugees living under emergency
has been in existence since 2011.
administrators said:
“Even though countless efforts
have been made to the authorities
to their aid, the situation continues
the same”
On the issue of shelter in the camp,
of the respondents representing 81%
Table 2. Distribution of respondents
There are access and availability
Frequency
Valid Strongly agree 214
Agree 80
Disagree 30
Undecided 12
Total 336
Source: Field
Fig. 3. Distribution
Source: Field
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Good
3%
How will you rate the kind of shelter offered to you?
Kwarteng; ARJASS, 5(3): 1-11, 2018; Article no.
8
have not
yet (See
by the
the refugees
tents. The
these plastic
are very
day-to-day
to the
the issue of
plastic tents
The camp
and appeal
to come
to remain
the majority
were of the
view that the kind of shelter in the
poor. This was followed by 16%
indicated that the condition of the
camp is poor with only 3% stating
of shelter provided in the camp is good
4).
The researcher observed that in
there were few police officers around
ensure security and safety of the
the reason was that the police post
was in a very poor condition that
repaired. Some camp administrators
interview with the researcher stated
view, there are just a handful of policemen
camp because the police post in
disrepair and as such, no police officers
be posted there to work. They added
officers that are on post are also not
work because they are not happy
working environment, hence affecting
efficiency and effectiveness of ensuring
in the camp.
by accessibility and availability of good drinking
of good drinking water in the camp always
Percent Valid percent Cumulative
63.7 63.7 63.7
23.8 23.8 87.5
8.9 8.9 96.4
3.6 3.6 100.0
100.0 100.0
survey, 2017. NB: Sample size (n): 336
of respondents by shelter situation in the camp
survey, 2017. NB: Sample size (n): 336
Poor Very poor
16%
81%
; ARJASS.39406
camp is very
who also
shelter in the
that the kind
(See Fig.
most cases
the camp to
refugees and
in the camp
needs to be
in an
that in their
in the
the camp is in
want to
that the few
delighted at
with their
their
security
water
percent
Fig. 4. Distribution of
Source: Field
Fig. 6. Distribution of respondents
Source: Field
Most of the respondents were not happy
security situation in the camp as the
them representing 63% indicated
not secured due to the insufficient
the police in and around the camp.
followed by 27 % who also stated
not trust the few police officers that
and finally 10 % were of the view
not secured in the camp due to
sexual violence (See Fig. 5).
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Strongly agree
10%
Do you feel secured and protected in the camp?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Very Unhealthy
84%
How will you rate the condition of the enviroment in the
Kwarteng; ARJASS, 5(3): 1-11, 2018; Article no.
9
respondents by the security situation in the camp
survey, 2017. NB: Sample size (n): 336
by the condition of the camp environment
survey, 2017. NB: Sample size (n): 336
with the
majority of
that they are
presence of
This was
that they do
are around
that they are
the threat of
Finally, the researcher observed that
was not properly managed in
An interview with camp
revealed that the cost of waste
has risen so high and the inflow
and cash to the camp by NGOs
government of Ghana, on the other
reduced drastically making it
properly manage solid waste in the
cost.
Agree Disagree
27%
63%
Clean Don’t Know
9% 7%
camp
; ARJASS.39406
solid waste
the camp,
administrators
management
of donation
and the
hand, has
difficult to
camp due to
Kwarteng; ARJASS, 5(3): 1-11, 2018; Article no.ARJASS.39406
10
When respondents’ views about how they will
rate the environmental condition of the camp
were analyzed, it revealed that the majority of
them representing 84% stated that the
environmental condition of the camp is very
unhealthy. 9% on the hand said it was clean
while the remaining 7% indicated that they don’t
know (See above Fig. 6). From this finding, one
can argue that in the views of most of the
respondents the camp, the camp is surrounded
by filth which poses a health threat to them.
4. CONCLUSION
Inferring from the above research findings, one
can argue that the main implementation gap in
Egyeikrom Refugee camp were in the areas of
educational rights, shelter, security and
environmental conditions in the camp.
As stated above 61% of respondents were of the
view that their educational rights, especially that
of their children has not been duly catered for. An
interview with camp administration officials
confirmed this assertion as the officers admitted
to the fact that even though continuous efforts
are made to guarantee the educational rights
of the refugees, it is very difficult to secure
an educational scholarship for refugees in the
camp.
Again, shelter in the camp is not encouraging as
the researcher observed that most of the
refugees live under emergency plastic sheet
tents. What was more appalling was the fact that
camp administrators also said that the situation
of refugees living under emergency plastic sheet
tents has existed as far back as 2011 even
though numerous complaints have been made to
the authorities to get the situation rectified. It was
thus not surprising that the majority of the
respondents representing 81% were of the view
that the condition of the shelter in the camp is
very bad.
Also, the security situation in the camp is not
anything to write home about as most of the
respondents thus 63% were of the view that the
insufficient presence of the police in the camp
makes them feel insecured. It was observed that
the police post in the camp was in a state of
disrepair and needed to be renovated as police
officers do not like to be posted to that place and
the few ones that come on duty are not delighted
about their working environment which goes a
long way to affect how the police officers are to
effectively work.
Finally, the environmental condition in the camp
is also very bad which could lead to the spread of
numerous diseases among refugees in the
camp. Thus camp administrators are not
effectively able to manage waste, especially solid
waste in the camp mainly due to cost.
It is thus recommended that the UNHCR, the
Government of Ghana, NGO’s and other
stakeholders on the issues of refugees should
pay particular attention to the above rights and
find durable solutions to mitigate the problems.
Donors and government officials should also
embark on constant monitoring in the camp to
guide and assist camp administrators with
innovative and effective ideas to effectively
manage the camp.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A big thank you goes to Professor Han-Long of
the School of Law at Zhongnan University. I am
also grateful Dr Asare Bossman and Professor
Abeiku Essuman Johnson.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Author has declared that no competing interests
exist.
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© 2018 Kwarteng; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
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