Quantifying the Uncertainty of Energy Creation from Solar and Wind Farms in Different Locations

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"This study should generalize to energy creation providers and consumers because there is a significant dependence on solar and wind farms due to the increased social emphasis on renewable green energy. This places consumers at risk of interrupted service given the lack of ability to predict cloud cover or wind speed, coupled with the limited battery storage technology. Large scale electricity storage is an absolute necessity, which, unfortunately, will not be available until a technological breakthrough occurs in material design to bring about the super battery. Until that time, and in the absence of large scale gravity batteries, there may be an upper limit, say 30%, for renewable energy to penetrate electricity generating capacity in order for dispatchers to maintain system stability by varying the output of natural gas or possibly hydropower plants. Maintaining system stability where solar and wind play a significant role in generating electricity is a growing challenge facing utility operators. " (p. 45)

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