What is it about?
An enveloped double-stranded DNA monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a causative agent of the zoonotic viral disease, human monkeypox (HMPX). MPXV belongs to the genus Orthopoxviridae, a family of notorious smallpox viruses, and so it shares similar clinical pathophysiological features. The recent multicountry HMPX outbreak (May 2022 onwards) is recognized as an emerging global public health emergency by the World Health Organization, shunting its endemic status as opined over the past few decades. Re-emergence of HMPX raises concern to reassess the present clinical strategy and therapeutics as its outbreak evolves further. Keeping a check on these developments, here we provide insights into the HMPX epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical representation. Weighing on its early prevention, we reviewed the strategies that are being enrolled for HMPX diagnosis. In the line of expanded MPXV prevalence, we further reviewed its clinical management and the diverse employed preventive/therapeutic strategies, including vaccines (JYNNEOS, ACAM2000, VIGIV) and antiviral drugs/inhibitors (Tecovirimat, Cidofovir, Brincidofovir). Taken together, with a revised perspective of HMPX re-emergence, the present report summarizes new knowledge on its prevalence, pathology, and prevention strategies.
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Perspectives
This work attempted to gather new knowledge on HMPX prevalence, pathology, and prevention strategies. More investigation on HMPX is expected to improve our knowledge of factors involved in promoting the spread of HMPX that may enable early diagnosis and help break the transmission chain. Also, revising public health preparedness and building effective therapeutic regimes against HMPX are equally essential to contain future viral outbreaks. Advanced tools analyzing viral epitopes and structural-functional pathogenic mechanisms have accelerated the discovery of vaccines, drugs, and specific inhibitors blocking viral antigens/proteins. These drug discovery approaches have been promising; however, their safety and efficacy are critical to analyzing in systematic preclinical trials. In conclusion, it is crucial to uphold the investigative and in-depth studies in HMPX research that can elucidate the mechanism of host–viral interaction and enable accelerated drug discovery against HMPX or any potential viral outbreak in the future.
Leena Chacko
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This page is a summary of: Exploring the Complex Relationship between Diabetes and Cardiovascular Complications: Understanding Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Promising Therapies, Biomedicines, April 2023, MDPI AG,
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041126.
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