What is it about?
This review article provides a comprehensive, system-level evaluation of Axial-Flux Permanent-Magnet (AFPM) synchronous machines. Rather than focusing on a single engineering aspect, this work uniquely integrates six-level topology classification (encompassing stator-rotor layouts, magnetic circuits, slotting, and winding designs) with sizing equations, electromagnetic modeling (Finite Element Analysis and Magnetic Equivalent Circuits), AI-driven optimization, and thermal management. Additionally, it compares advanced motor control strategies (such as Field-Oriented Control, Direct Torque Control, and Model Predictive Control) to present a holistic reference framework for next-generation electromechanical systems.
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Why is it important?
Axial-flux permanent-magnet machines are highly attractive for high-power-density applications like electric vehicles, aerospace, and marine propulsion due to their compact design and high torque-to-mass ratio. However, their widespread industrial adoption remains limited by mechanical assembly tolerances, complex thermal management, and geopolitical supply chain vulnerabilities related to rare-earth permanent magnets. This work is highly important because it bridges the gap between separate design domains. It evaluates critical technological trade-offs, such as reducing rare-earth elements in magnet alloys, adopting aluminum windings, and utilizing soft magnetic composites (SMCs), offering researchers and engineers a unified blueprint to design economically viable and highly efficient electric drives.
Perspectives
Electric vehicles, wind turbines, and aircraft of the future need electric motors that are incredibly light, small, and powerful. "Axial-flux" motors are the perfect candidate for these roles, but they are notoriously difficult to design, keep cool, control, and manufacture at a reasonable cost. This paper gathers and analyzes decades of scientific research to solve these puzzles. It maps out the best ways to construct these motors, compares the advanced computer software used to simulate their behavior, explores eco-friendly materials (like 3D-printed cores and recycled magnets), and explains how smart control systems can make them run more smoothly. Essentially, this review acts as a master guide for engineers to build the next generation of sustainable and high-performance electric motors.
Maurizio Guadagno
Universita degli Studi di Firenze
Read the Original
This page is a summary of: System-Level Review and Advances in Axial-Flux Permanent-Magnet Machines: Topology Classification, Design Optimisation, Materials, Modelling, and Control Strategies, Applied Sciences, July 2026, MDPI AG,
DOI: 10.3390/app16146854.
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