Update on "Supersymmetry Via EDM (Electric Dipole Moment)", which ANY person is welcome to review.

What is it about?

Also, scroll to the article's end and read my reply to the review by Alessandro Rizzo. It contains thoughts about the infinite and eternal universe, something I call the Mobius Matrix, as well as the shape or geometry of spacetime. PRELIMINARY NOTE #1 - My approach may be called quantum-gravitational. I take "educated guesses", using the present state of scientific knowledge, at what might be revealed by a future union of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. Educated guesses sound remote from real science, but it's the best that can be done with a theory which doesn't exist yet. Of course, the maths accompanying that theory doesn't exist either - so formal mathematics can't be used. The quantum-gravitational approach isn't meant to be purely mathematical but also physical, with the binary digits and Mobius strips that compose every fermion and boson being linked - a state at odds with our human frame of reference of seeing objects and events as separated. As the movie "Interstellar" pointed out, people will oneday be able to build things they can't build now. Let's scientifically explore a few of those things. (Thanks go to Penny from TV's "Big Bang Theory" for inspiring Interstellar-related thoughts!) At the start of the 20th century, physicist Max Planck assumed that electromagnetic radiation can only be emitted or absorbed in discrete packets, called quanta. He thought of his discovery as nothing more than a math device ... a kind of trickery. Albert Einstein developed his explanation of the photoelectric effect from this “mathematical convenience”. So it appears entirely possible that another supposed mathematical trickery (Wick rotation) will find practical application in the future. Imagine the universe actually is a holographic projection or a computer simulation where every fermion and boson is linked by the AI-generating BITS (binary digits) of 1 and 0. What happens to formal mathematical definitions when every fermion and boson is linked? The linkage means everything throughout time and space can be regarded as one particle. This is reminiscent of John Wheeler's and Richard Feynman's speculation that the entire universe consists of just one electron, zigzagging through time (the weirdness of quantum physics vanishes and no particle can exist in two places at once since the unification of everything in space and time - possibly achieved with Quantum Gravity - means only one place or event can ever exist in the universal, co-moving frame of reference where observer and observed are united). If the universe can be regarded as one particle, how can one thing be added to another thing? Then 1+1=2 cannot be true in an absolute or quantum-gravity sense. 1+1=2 would only be true in the human frame of reference (it would also be true in the technology and mathematics which the human frame of reference developed). These conclusions regarding 1+1=2 may be compatible not only with a QG (quantum-gravitational) approach but also with an LF (Leonardo-Faraday) one. Neither Leonardo da Vinci nor Michael Faraday appear to have trained in the formal mathematics of their time but that lack never stopped them from discovering great things. 1+1 would equal 2 if human mathematics and technology from the 21st century used general relativity's curvature of time - made circular by Wick rotation and warping spacetime - to create the universe. But I look around and see that our tech/maths is not advanced enough yet. In forwards time travel, the waves composing mass in the x-axis and y-axis rotate in the counter-clockwise direction. Compare Wick rotation to a DVD that has no end. The future destination is reached by a computer using tensor calculus to change the present coordinates in the Cosmic DVD to ones in the future. To use a simple example confined to two dimensions: -1,+ i becomes +1, -i. This is interdimensional travel since it incorporates both the time and space elements of the time-space unity i.e. Wick rotation residing in the Mobius strips and figure-8 Klein bottles * composing space and mass. Backwards travel in time is identical to forward trips except for the coordinates being different and belonging to points in the past. * 1-dimensional BITS encode two-dimensional (2D) Mobius bands instead of the untwisted Strings of String Theory or Loop Quantum Gravity (also, binary digits may be thought of as strings of 1’s and 0’s). A Mobius band, with its undulations and single surface, must be travelled around twice to reach the starting point. This raises the possibility that billions or trillions of Mobius strips compose every particle of matter since such particles must be turned 720 degrees (completely rotated twice) to look the same. If photons and gravitons share EDM with neutrons, it’s reasonable to conclude the symmetry means photons and gravitons are also composed of Mobius loops. Electromagnetism and gravitation aren’t identical, so a photon might be simply constructed from billions of Mobius bands while a more complex graviton might be based on a pair of Mobius strips uniting into a figure-8 Klein bottle which is immersed in the 3rd dimension. Billions, or more, of these “Mobius Doublets” form a graviton. Photon-graviton momentum and interaction would not only produce a matter particle’s, and black hole's, quantum spin but a pressure that’s equivalent to what we call mass or solidity. Any particle’s mass, including the Higgs boson’s or that of the bosons belonging to the nuclear forces, would be created this way. Possessing an electric dipole moment, every massive or force-carrying particle would have both positive and negative charge – capable of cancelling to produce neutrality. The imaginary numbers - essential to quantum physics - in Wick rotation would combine with Wick's real numbers to produce time, and rotation of gravitational and electromagnetic waves would be energy forming mass on the x-axis plus dark energy forming dark matter on the y-axis. PRELIMINARY NOTE #2 - The photoelectric effect, plus imaginary and complex numbers, say the universe never Started with a Bang In A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking said there are no boundaries or singularities in imaginary time. I know Wick rotation is regarded as mathematical convenience or trickery. But Max Planck thought of his idea of quanta as a math convenience. And Albert Einstein seems to have developed the photoelectric effect's explanation from Planck's quanta. So could Wick rotation also end up having practical application, with our so-called real time existing on the X-axis and imaginary time on the y-axis. In that case, would the lack of boundaries and singularities mean the universe has no beginning or end? The relevance of imaginary numbers to the cosmos is that complex numbers have uses in quantum field theory, special and general relativity, and spinors. Real time and real numbers are still present, so we can't get rid of an initial singularity through a Wick rotation. This reflects the fact that Wick rotation isn't so useful in General Relativity. But Einstein's theory, though the best theory we have of gravity and the universe, is incomplete. It needs to be combined with quantum physics. In such a theory of quantum gravity, it's possible that Wick rotation is extremely useful, just as it's a very useful mathematical technique in quantum field theory. We don't live in a universe that is merely real (governed by real numbers) or exclusively imaginary but is complex, embodying a union of real plus imaginary. Then Wick rotation means there could be an additional time dimension - time and space are inseparable, so another space dimension also exists - as California Prof. Itzhak Bars has said (https://phys.org/news/2007-05-two-time-universe-physicist-explores-dimension.html). Just as E=mc^2 describes energy producing mass in known space-time, dark energy might not be the cause of alleged cosmic expansion but could account for the formation of dark matter. Thanks to astrophysicist Ethan Siegel for inspiring this paragraph. I'm reading an article titled "Scientists Seek Life Across the Multiverse" and it says, "If the multiverse hypothesis is correct, physicists would no longer have to find explanations for the absurdly improbable fine-tuning of the laws of nature that has made our existence possible. We are just lucky to live in a good universe among many different ones. One universe fine-tuned for life is an unlikely fluke. But one habitable universe among many is to be expected." Another way of phrasing this is - Scientists are so eager to avoid any notion of Intelligent Design of the cosmos that they're willing to deny Earth's own scientific potential ... and their own intelligence. Evolution can be observed in the form of adaptation of structure and function to the environment but there’s no reason to extrapolate this theory in order for it to account for life’s origin. In future centuries, human technology will develop terraforming and incredibly advanced bioengineering of cells - amino acids, proteins, water, nucleic acids, etc which were gathered in space or on planets and combined (science already knows these molecules exist out there). This could account for life’s origin since it agrees with 19th-century chemist Louis Pasteur’s proving that life can only originate from life. The origin-of-life hypothesis presented here obviously needs time travel back to a time when there was no life. This is feasible using General Relativity's concept of curved time (which is made circular via Wick rotation and future warping of space-time). It's convenient to say Wick rotation is a form of mathematical trickery but explanation of the photoelectric effect seems to have sprung directly from Max Planck's idea of quanta - now called photons - which was also regarded for years as a mathematical convenience. Could an extension of evolution spring directly from the supposed math trickery of Wick rotation? We only need to be open to our current interpretations of science and maths not being set in stone. History has shown that presently accepted theories always change. And we are not the endpoint of history - we're simply one more step passing through it. ABSTRACT The article begins by mentioning the accepted correlation between Albert Einstein’s relativistic equations, as well as James Clerk Maxwell’s electromagnetic waves, with the Prandtl-Glauert equations for fluid flow. These topics are explored in the article - Rizzo, A. (2024). On the Vacuum Hydrodynamics of Moving Bodies (The Theory of General Singularity). *Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 10*(3), 875-905. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2024.103054 The equation-free mention at the start of SUSY VIA EDM nevertheless ends with 180° ΔO = + => - (180 Degree Change in Orientation Equals Positive Becomes Negative). Of course, it also means negative can become positive: 180° ΔO = - => +. Using this article’s new equations, the Electric Dipole Moment is introduced and the charges of the quarks composing a neutron are transformed. EDM’s undetectability is explained from the perspective of a hypothetical someone who doesn’t accept the Big Bang but believes the universe is literally infinite and eternal. Then quantum spin of matter particles is discussed, and extended to astronomy’s black holes, in terms of photons and gravitons not being elementary force-carrying particles but being in possession of EDM. The photon-graviton interaction producing quantum spin is proposed as electromagnetic and gravitational vectors in a figure that might be called “Vector-Tensor-Scalar Geometry”, as well as being related to quaternions plus the Higgs boson and field. Then the article returns to black holes, showing how the inability of light to escape them leads to a 4-dimensional space-time: via binary digits or base 2 mathematics, Mobius bands, figure-8 Klein bottles, and Wick rotation. The electric potential of photons and gravitons is then interpreted not strictly as a neutron-identical Electric Dipole Moment but as a vast array of pulses sharing similarities with modern computers and electronics – the binary digits of the previous sentence. As a consequence of the electric force-carriers bringing them into existence, particles of matter and antimatter are symmetrical with bosons in the sense that every boson or fermion is, at its most fundamental level, composed of binary digits. Imaginary numbers are essential to quantum mechanics, and this article connects the imaginary numbers of Wick rotation to the nature of time. Therefore, the words here are not painting a classical picture of space-time. The 1’s and 0’s of binary digits are compatible with quantum mechanics and may be referred to as the Hidden Variables which Einstein advocated to complete quantum physics, and to give its calculations an exactness which would bring a hidden order to its chaotic randomness and superficial uncertainty. If the universe can be quantized and viewed as comprised of infinitesimal ones and zeros, how could it not obey quantum physics? And if those ones and zeros are all ultimately connected by Quantum Gravity, waves and particles could never be separated but wave-particle duality would rule. To finish, many thanks to Albert Einstein for laying the foundations of this article 105 years ago when he published a paper titled “Do gravitational fields play an essential role in the structure of elementary particles?” Immediately before submission for publication, a few topics were added to this article - dark matter, precession, the Hodge conjecture, and the Riemann hypothesis. Keywords: electric dipole moment, quantum spin, mass, symmetry, black holes, vector-tensor-scalar geometry, photon-graviton interaction, 4-dimensional space-time, BITS, binary digits, topology, Mobius band, figure-8 Klein bottle, Wick rotation, imaginary numbers, hidden variables, quaternions, dark matter, precession, Hodge conjecture, Riemann hypothesis.

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Photo by Guillermo Ferla on Unsplash

Photo by Guillermo Ferla on Unsplash

Why is it important?

The link provided by Kudos no longer works when you click on it. So, after the title in the "Author Review" below, there are links to other copies. The first link (the DOI) takes you to version #1 - the Post Publication Peer Review on Qeios. The second link goes to version #17 on ResearchGate. The Author Review (which had to be shortened) is about added or related thoughts of mine, and should summarize some of my ideas. AUTHOR REVIEW OF “SUPERSYMMETRY VIA ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT” (Reviewed in the sense of “to think or talk about something again”) https://doi.org/10.32388/6WU1M2 and https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381738563_Supersymmetry_Via_EDM_Electric_Dipole_Moment Rodney Bartlett ABSTRACT At first, I assumed an author can't review his or her own work. This was because I thought the word review only had one meaning in the context of articles viz “assess (something) formally with the intention of instituting change if necessary”. Obviously, I can't do that - it would be extremely biased, and highly inappropriate, for authors to formally assess the value of their own writings. But “review” also means “to think or talk about something again”. And I can do that! Not only would writing new ideas about my article help me to get my thoughts together, it has the potential to help readers both better understand and better evaluate the article. Seeing old material from a new perspective can radically alter comprehension and assessment. That said, I put together ideas from my postings on ResearchGate that were related to the published article being commented on, and that were recommended by colleagues. An unspoken implication of this article is that the universe may not only be described with mathematics but could literally be the result of maths. Adapting and modifying the MUH (Mathematical Universe Hypothesis) put forward in the 2014 book by Professor Max Tegmark of the USA's MIT leads to the conclusion we live in the Synthiverse (synthesized universe). My comment will seek to show the validity of the assumption that experiments and maths can only be the final word in science if that maths and experimentation is conducted by members of a civilisation that, in the far distant future, will produce the universe we currently live in. Many readers will cease reading further now because they believe this post is going to be pure fantasy, science fiction, wild speculation with no basis in real science, or pseudoscience. Some readers will proceed with this attempt to describe the future conclusions of a Theory of Everything / Theory of Quantum Gravity. However, I suspect they'll be dissatisfied since they'll want the hypotheses to be capable of either proof or falsification by experiment. It will take a much more enlightened mind than mine to prove or falsify something which doesn't exist in early-21st-century Earth's frame of reference. ARTICLE First, briefly answering a couple of relevant questions is in order - Can you provide specific examples or experiments that could potentially support or falsify the hypotheses presented in the article? One example springs to mind - the article is supported by offering an explanation for the quantum spin of matter particles in terms of quaternions. It says the photon’s spin 1 reacts with the graviton’s spin 2 to form ½, the spin of all matter particles … and quaternions are the quotient of two vectors (in this case, the photon's spin 1 and the graviton's spin 2). Other support requires the passing of time eg for discovering whether Planet 9 exists or not, for inventing time travel, for topological propulsion / topological manufacturing - but science knows the value of patience. The second part of this question reflects the current state of science, which may seem logical - even infallible. The proposal here is that while the importance of experiments cannot be denied, they should not be unquestionably accepted as the final word in science. Taking them as the final answer would at least limit the marvels of quantum mechanics. We can't limit the theory for the simple reason that it remains not understood well enough. Quantum mechanics claims observer and observed are united - if so, an experimenter would need to violate the laws of physics if she or he were to remain separate from an experiment. Such divorce is impossible and experimenters must always possess input into their supposed measurement of objective reality. Therefore, providing examples of experiments appears to be inappropriate. How do the concepts of Mobius strips and Klein bottles directly relate to the Electric Dipole Moment, cyclic space-time, and quantum spin in the context of the article? This is answered by lines in the first paragraph of the final section - The 3rd dimension’s mass is created by the pressure generated from interacting photons and gravitons formed from Mobius bands / Klein bottles. The quantum spin of the fermions and bosons composing the mass results from quaternions e.g. the photon’s spin 1 reacts with the graviton’s spin 2 to form ½, the spin of all matter particles. The Electric Dipole Moment's relation to the Mobius strip - and the Klein bottle which is the coupling of a pair of Mobius strips - can be expressed as: electric charges result from particles being composed of the electric pulses forming the on/off or 1/0 states of binary digits. Electricity exists because the cyclical nature of space-time would teach modern observers how to generate electric pulses which become the “natural” electric charges discovered in ancient times - see next section. These charges constitute the Electric Dipole Moment composing all fermions and all bosons, including the photon and graviton. The photons and gravitons travel along sides that are in contact and form the Mobius strip’s one surface. The sides used to be the top and bottom of a parallelogram referred to in the article’s Vector-Tensor-Scalar Geometry, and the two-dimensional parallelogram’s height - which corresponds to the 3rd dimension of spacetime - can be bypassed, eliminating distance. This is done by a precise, merely superficially probabilistic Quantum Mechanics that interprets binary digits’ 1s and 0s as Hidden Variables compatible with quantum entanglement. Objective Reality in Cyclical Space-Time Conventional physics emphasizes experiments verifying objective reality but both quantum mechanics (QM) and originator of the multiverse hypothesis Hugh Everett suggest there's no such thing as objective reality. Regarding QM - if quantum superposition is taken to its logical extreme, everything in the universe would affect everything else. Regarding Everett - his idea of the universal wavefunction says the observed and observer are all mixed together. These two references mean an experimenter's consciousness can never avoid influencing (technically, biasing) an experiment. Physicists would be aware of these QM / Everett things but they seem to be unconsciously reverting to a classical view in which objective reality exists in all space-time, and not just in the limited perceptions of humans or animals. Our restricted senses (along with the limited technology and mathematics developed by humans to date) might view a quantum superposition where everything, including consciousness, fills all space and time very differently. For example - instead of occupying the whole of spacetime, a subatomic particle could be interpreted as being in more than one place simultaneously (this is what quantum physics says today). If the existence of our science was separate from existence of the universe, there would indeed be objective reality for scientific theories to investigate. Suppose the accepted concept of time needs an additional component of not being purely linear but of being curvilinear (recall Albert Einstein's concept of curved spacetime). Future warping of space-time could modify that curve and form a circular time in which far distant centuries and millennia could directly connect with the remote past. If a civilization is sufficiently advanced (advanced beyond our comprehension), the universe's origin is potentially artificial - without referring to religious beliefs. When circular time entangles science and technology from the distant future (observers) with a created universe (the observed), it'd be perfectly acceptable for objective reality not to exist and for experimenters to unavoidably influence experiments. This is because studying the universe would have taught the observers how to do the wonders they perform. One of those wonders would be creating the observed cosmos whose fine-tunings would once again ultimately produce observers who'd produce the requisite cosmos. The cyclical nature of space-time would be transferred from current cosmology's repeated Big Bangs and Big Crunches to observers' future science constantly producing the observed universe. Multiverse of Dimensions Now to elaborate on the reference to the multiverse and Hugh Everett. To do this, Wick rotation - sometimes regarded by scientists as nothing more than a mathematical convenience - needs to be addressed (in the form of what was previously called "circular time"). The relevance of Wick rotation to the structure and function of space-time is contained in the following paragraph - Just as the building blocks in chemistry are atoms and molecules, the building blocks physics could use to determine what spacetime is might be binary digits and topology. There are two clues to this conclusion. First - in his book "A Brief History of Time", Stephen Hawking states that quantum spin tells us what particles actually look like. A particle of matter has spin 1/2 and must be completely rotated twice (720 degrees) to look the same. Added to this is - a Mobius strip must be travelled around twice in order to reach the starting point. The second clue was supplied by a paper Einstein published in 1919. That paper asks if gravitation and electromagnetism play a role in forming elementary particles. The clues can produce the following hypothesis. The BITS or binary digits of one and zero - produced by the presence or absence of electric pulses - code for a Mobius strip (similar to the way that two-dimensional topological figure can be viewed on the Internet). Then two Mobius figures are joined to create a Klein bottle: possibly, the doughnut-shaped figure-8 version of the Klein. The Klein bottle is immersed in the 3rd dimension, with binary digits filling in any holes or gaps to produce a technically flat (the Klein's positive and negative curvatures cancel) and simply-connected result (a flat, simply-connected universe implies a literally infinite space inseparable from infinite [eternal] time). This procedure is similar to computer art's Sky Replacement, where the 1s and 0s can make a smooth blue sky stretching from horizon to horizon. The 1s and 0s naturally exist on quantum scales, and imaginary numbers are essential in quantum mechanics. So the complex (real + imaginary) numbers of Wick rotation could be given a practical use by being a subroutine of the Mobius strips and becoming the 4th dimension of time which can't be separated from the dimensions of space. Trillions of Mobius strips could form a photon while trillions of more complicated figure-8 Klein bottles might form the more complicated graviton. Interaction of photons and gravitons (in a process called Vector-Tensor-Scalar [VTS] Geometry) creates the Mobius-based matter particles. In this scenario, spacetime wouldn't be an abstract thing filled with alleged Virtual Particles which can't be detected and may not even exist. Space-time would be a sea filled with photons and gravitons that travel as electromagnetic and gravitational waves. In the case of the Synthiverse, waves would not merely be described by mathematics but would literally be the result of maths. A 3D (three dimensional) cube can be regarded as a reality coded on a 2D surface - in other words, the cube emulates the universe's Holographic Principle, and is a projection from a square. The 2D square would be a nonlinear (angular) math object resulting from adding four lines, each one being separated from those adjoining it by 90 degrees. The cubic shape would result from adding, in one direction, multiple layers of the information in the square. Instead of programming a set of points to follow a straight line, they can be represented curvilinearly as a waveform and described by Fourier analysis, v=f(lambda), etc. Interacting particles can produce waves just as masses can curve spacetime to produce gravity and gravitational waves. VTS Geometry plausibly explains the inverse - it doesn't solely regard mass as the producer of gravity but also regards gravity, partnering with electromagnetism, as producer of mass. Inverting quantum mechanics, gravitational and electromagnetic waves create particles with mass (protons, neutrons, quarks, electrons, etc - even the Higgs boson). As Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow point out in their book "The Grand Design", ultimate reality does not have to be described with quarks though it certainly can be. In this paragraph, the idea of curved space is replaced by gravitational and electromagnetic waveforms travelling on curved trajectories. Now for the connection between Wick rotation and the multiverse. Physics says space and time can never be separated. So interdimensional journeys are more than movement between known space on Wick rotation’s x-axis and the unknown (or “dark”) energy and matter of Wick’s y-axis. Interdimensional trips also are time travel since the “known space on Wick rotation’s x-axis” is actually familiar spaceTIME, and the “unknown (or ‘dark’) energy and matter of Wick’s y-axis” is really unfamiliar spaceTIME. California Prof. Itzhak Bars has said there are actually two dimensions of space and two of time (https://phys.org/news/2007-05-two-time-universe-physicist-explores-dimension.html). In fact, dividing the 360 degrees of Wick rotation into arcseconds would mean there are 360x60x60 dimensions - and further division into millionths, billionths, etc of an arcsecond would result in a literal multiverse of dimensions. Flat, Simply-connected Space United With Advanced, Curvilinear Time and Unipositional Quantum Mechanics Generating a universe which has always existed sounds like the ultimate paradox. How could it possibly be done? Virtual Reality might produce a model of the observable universe. The reality we perceive is entangled with the simulated cosmos because every boundary between our observed and modeled universes is deleted by numbers with the property i² = -1. To be precise, by the imaginary time those numbers describe and which Stephen Hawking popularized. This permits alterations in one to influence the other (Augmented Reality is transmitted from one location in space-time to another). Imaginary time joins with pi and creates an infinite space which is always connected to time and consequently generates an eternal universe. Augmented actuality isn't really layered on “other” points. Precise, merely superficially probabilistic Quantum Mechanics that uses binary digits’ 1s and 0s as Hidden Variables compatible with quantum entanglement unites each quantum object in space, and in every period of time. Macroscopic objects are composed of quantum ones and the two scales should be unified by a QM that produces exact results and is as applicable to the micro as much as it is to the macro. Unification of the microscopic and macroscopic in all of space and time means only one point ever exists (this might be termed “Unipositional Quantum Mechanics” in which transmissions throughout spacetime are instantaneous because of only one point existing in spacetime).

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