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We study how air behaves around a high-speed flying object moving at 4230 meters per second. We observe that the distribution of vibrational states of molecules in the air differs from previous expectations. Our findings help us better understand the heat and chemical interactions that occur at such extreme speeds, which is important for improving aerospace designs.

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This page is a summary of: Numerical Study of Nonequilibrium Airflow over a Sphere-Cone with State-to-State Model, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, May 2025, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA),
DOI: 10.2514/1.t7115.
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