What is it about?
Space exploration is shifting from government-led missions to increasing commercial involvement. This study examines commercial lunar gateways—space stations on and around the Moon that could support deep-space missions and resource extraction. By analyzing historical pathways of space commercialization, it identifies key trajectories and transition pathways that have shaped the shift from state-driven efforts to emerging private-sector leadership. The study explores three possible futures: one led by international partnerships, another driven by private companies, and a third shaped by independent national efforts. By assessing technology, regulations, and public interest, this research offers insights into how space commerce is shaping humanity’s expansion beyond Earth.
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Why is it important?
Space commercialization is no longer a distant vision—it is unfolding now with programs like Artemis, SpaceX’s Starship, and China’s ILRS. This study uniquely examines commercial lunar gateways (CLGs) as a sociotechnical pathway, analyzing their evolution from government-led spaceflight to commercial expansion. By integrating technology, policy, and economic factors, it offers a structured framework to assess potential future trajectories—whether led by international cooperation, private-sector dominance, or decentralized national efforts. Unlike conventional studies that focus on feasibility, this research proactively identifies the organizing models and transition pathways shaping lunar commerce. As nations and industries race toward the Moon, this work provides critical insights for policymakers, investors, and researchers navigating humanity’s next frontier.
Perspectives
This project was an absolute joy to work on because it gave me the chance to explore the entire history of astronautics—something I had always wanted to do. Tracing the evolution of space commercialization from early rocketry and satellites to emerging lunar economies was not only fascinating but also deepened my appreciation for how past decisions shape the future. It was exciting to uncover patterns, transition pathways, and the organizing models that have guided space development, and I hope this study helps others see the bigger picture of where we’ve been—and where we’re headed.
Dr. Robert Edgell
SUNY Polytechnic Institute
Read the Original
This page is a summary of: Sociotechnical Pathways: From Satellites and Stations to Envisioning Commercial Lunar Gateways and Beyond, January 2025, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA),
DOI: 10.2514/6.2025-0612.
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