What is it about?
The quark model was initially proposed independently by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964 [1][2] . Their model involved three flavors of quarks the up, down, and strange which carries properties such as spin and a fraction of elementary charge. There are six types of quarks, known as flavors: up, down (considered as first generation), strange, charm (considered as second generation), and bottom, top (considered as third generation). The quarks and anti quarks that possessing opposite characteristics of electric charge and spin can be found only within hadrons such as baryons (proton, neutron…), and mesons (pi, k….). Quarks in the Standard Model of particle physics are involved in the fundamental interactions. Only the first-generation (up and down) quarks are usually occurred in nature. The quarks are currently presumed as being dimensionless point-like particles. In a process of developing a sub atomic model I found that in reality there are less particles than those believed to be basic quarks since they possesses a fraction of the elementary charge, and are actually a complex particles consisting of sub atomic particles themselves. The model presented here shows that the second and third Generation quarks are compositions of a three of the first Generation quarks where two of them neutralize each other due to their opposite electric charges thus it prevents them from being discovered and reflecing out only the third. It explains also their larger mass.
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Why is it important?
The experiments observed the part of the elementary charge that these particles are revealing to us, while they consist of three sub atomic particles where two of them neutralize each other due to their opposite electric charges thus preventing their detection. The quarks referred here are the strange quark and the charm quark [3] , and based on specific assumptions, it is possible to formulate and achieve various decaying modes of the sub atomic particles theoretically, and especially the decay modes of the K mesons!
Perspectives
1. The new interpretation suggests that the second and the third generation quarks are actually a various compositions of the first generations quarks. 2. The experiments observed the part of the elementary charge that these particles are revealing to us, while in fact the second-order quarks and higher are compositions of a three of the first-order quarks where two of them neutralize each other due to their opposite electric charges thus preventing their detection. 3. The baryons of various kinds are created by absorbing a neutral pion or positive one each time, and combining it with the set of quarks contained already within it to form a new quarks compositions that creates a new baryon.
Project Manager at Hi Tech Israel if Fried
israelfried@hotufi.net
Read the Original
This page is a summary of: Novel Interpretation for the Second and Third Generation Quarks, January 2026, Elsevier,
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.6537938.
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