Particles’ Mass origin, and the Quarks at the Three Energy Levels Within the Baryons.

What is it about?

The investigated issues presented in this article stemmed from a discovery that resulted from using the magnetic flux quantum, that combine the Planck's constant and the Elementary charge. It led to a new relationship between the combined expressions, and it revealed that the mass of the electron is associated with the magnitude of the square of the magnetic flux quantum (Conclusions arising from this possibility are described in more detail at the end of the article in the Conclusions section). This novel finding defines another source for the mass of subatomic particles, besides the definition of the mass source from the Higgs field!. It does not contradict the Higgs mechanism of particle mass. Also it revealed a novel significance of the vacuum permittivity constant (in SI units), that relies also on an analogy to the kinetic theory of gases. By using the concept of the nucleus motion around the center of mass shared with the electron in the Hydrogen atom, along with defineing the orbital angular momentum of the proton at the trajectory around the center of mass, yield a velocity of the proton at this trajectory, and also a new physical constant which fulfill a similar role like the fine structure constant, and it yields also results for the proton and neutron masses and their radii. This paper presents also a new perspective on the internal structure of the proton and neutron with their quarks, and on the origin of the weak force bosons associated with this internal structure. The quark model was initially proposed independently by physicists Marie Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964. The Quarks were introduced as part of an ordering scheme for hadrons. In this paper the proton, neutron and all baryons consist of two energy levels on which the Up and Down quarks are in an orbit level (The Gluons are exchanged between them at their levels), and a third energy level that equal to ~ 80 [Gev], that plays a central role in the decay process via the weak force. It presents a novel way of the quarks formation and the quarks decay process although the consequences are the same. The results are in full accordance with the results of NIST CODATA 2018.

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Photo by Brecht Corbeel on Unsplash

Photo by Brecht Corbeel on Unsplash

Why is it important?

The theory presented in this article deal with the magnitudes of Universal Constants in physics. The theory presents the use of the combination of the magnetic flux quantum constant with using Universal Constants from different fields (Eelectromagnetic, Gravitation and Nuclear) and finding new relations through them that have not yet been reflected in the knowledge available today. The formalism developed in this article introduces a relationship between the masses of the electron,proton, and neutron to the square of the magnetic flux quantum. This relationship is unknown to science today. The method used today to calculate the proton and neutron masses theoretically is based for instance on the Quantum Chromodynamics theory of binding energy, which combines the kinetic energy of the quarks and the energy of the gluons within these particles. The theory presented here calculates the electron, proton, and neutron masses in a new straightforward nearly identical formulas, whose their main component is the square of the magnetic flux quantum. This paper presents also a new perspective on the internal structure of the proton and neutron with their quarks, and on the origin of the weak force bosons associated with this internal structure. The proton, neutron and all baryons consist of two energy levels on which the quarks orbit and a third energy level that equal to ~ 80 [Gev], which plays a central role in the decay process via the weak force, while containing charged mesons that were absorbed in the baryon at this level for a split second, and are emitted out after the reaction via bosons that acquire the energy of the level. The third energy level also meets the requirement that the particle be a carrier of full electric charge while being positioned on it.

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