Particles’ Mass, and the Quarks at the Three Energy Levels Within the Baryons.

What is it about?

The issues presented in this article stemmed from a discovery that resulted from using the magnetic flux quantum, that combine the Planck's constant and the Elementary charge. It led to a new relationship between the combined expressions, it revealed that the mass of the electron is associated with the magnitude of the square of the magnetic flux quantum. It revealed also a novel significance of the vacuum permittivity constant (in SI units), that relies also on an analogy to the kinetic theory of gases. By using the concept of the nucleus motion around the center of mass shared with the electron in the Hydrogen atom, along with defineing the orbital angular momentum of the proton at the trajectory around the center of mass, yield a velocity of the proton at this trajectory, and also a new physical constant which fulfill a similar role like the fine structure constant. The new constant yield results for the proton and neutron masses and their radii. Another aspect demonstrates the connection between the square of the magnetic flux quantum through the Bohr radius. The electron wave function in a 'Hydrogen-like atom' that depends on the radius r expressed by several Bohr radii, and since the Bohr radius is a function of the square of the magnetic flux quantum, it describes the electron wave function as a depiction of the flow pattern of the magnetic flux that surrounds the electrons at the energy levels in the atom. This paper presents also a new perspective on the internal structure of the proton and neutron with their quarks, and on the origin of the weak force bosons associated with this internal structure. The proton, neutron and all baryons consist of two energy levels on which the Up and Down quarks are in orbit, and a third energy level that equal to ~ 80 [Gev], that plays a central role in the decay process via the weak force. The quarks at the energy levels exchange gluons between themselves. The results are in full accordance with the results published by NIST CODATA 2018 that I’ve used, validating the results.

Featured Image

Photo by Brecht Corbeel on Unsplash

Photo by Brecht Corbeel on Unsplash

Why is it important?

The theory presents the use of the combination of the magnetic flux quantum constant, with using Universal Constants from different fields (Eelectromagnetic, Gravitation and Nuclear) and finding new relations through them that have not yet been reflected in the knowledge available today. The formalism developed in this article introduces a relationship between the masses of the electron, proton, and neutron to the square of the magnetic flux quantum. This relationship is unknown to science today. This paper presents also a new perspective on the internal structure of the proton and neutron with their quarks, and on the origin of the weak force bosons associated with this internal structure. The proton, neutron and all baryons consist of two energy levels on which the quarks orbit and a third energy level that equal to ~ 80 [Gev], which plays a central role in the decay process via the weak force, while containing charged mesons that were absorbed in the baryon at this level for a split second, and are emitted out after the reaction via W bosons that acquire the energy of the level. The third energy level also meets the requirement that the particle be a carrier of full elementary charge while being positioned on it.

Perspectives