What is it about?

The book presents a new concept on several physics topics. The initial values are non-relativistic quantities of subatomic particles which the values obtained in experiments are actually their relativistic reflection. The subjects in the book are presented in such order that each new topic is based on the development of its predecessor that explains where it stems from. The book presents methods of analyzing traditional physics concepts to extract hidden embedded information that reveals new variables which are combined with those known. The new formulas yield results that match experiments accurately. It presents discoveries as: The electric charge of subatomic particle results directly from its OAM (Orbital Angular Momentum). OAM Offset exhibits neutral state. The electron's mass is a magnitude that expresses quantitatively the square of the magnetic flux quantum multiplied by a specific constant calculated in this theory, contains an initial value multiplied by relativistic factor to receive the matching experimental value (Not an Ad Hoc hypothesis!). In a boxed article, you can imagine this mass in a category of 'gravitational mass' type. Conversely, the Higgs field express the resistance to motion of a subatomic particle that as a result it demonstrate its mass as kind of an 'inertial mass' type. They both are supposed to be identical! hence this mass in the Hydrogen like Wave Function yields solutions that their squared values represent the flow pattern of magnetic flux surrounding electrons at energy levels, contrary to probability density describing odds of locating electron in atom. The magnetic flux as an electromagnetic entity has the superposition properties along with the tunneling properties among others. In the double slit experiment, the wave of the magnetic flux surrounding the electron in its motion is the one that splits and pass through two slits simultaneously to form the interference pattern after crossing (not the electron). The electron passes through one slit or the other and moves towards the photosensitive screen on the trajectory dictated by this interference pattern. In calculation of hydrogen's wave function the electron and proton constitute one entity. Hence zero OAM at ground state determined by computational and experimental means is due to OAM offset of electron and proton rotation in opposite directions at center of mass. The proton, neutron and all baryons consist of three energy levels on which the quarks are orbiting. The third energy level of 80.5 Gev plays a major role in the weak force while it is filled by charged mesons that are emitted out thru W boson that acquired the level's energy. This arrangement allows an excited baryon to contain for instance three quarks from the same type which as fermions only two of them can populate the same energy level (like at the first energy level) with opposed spins, but the third quark is actually located at the third energy level (designated for bosons) as a part of two quarks bound together like the Pi meson, Therefore it does not violate the Pauli Exclusion Principle. The OAM of the orbiting quarks are a third or two thirds of the reduced Planck constant. The proton's missing spin is resolved by the quark's OAM. The Electron is a bound state composition of negative Pion and an Electron's Neutrino. The theory predicts a neutral boson of 160Gev (Accompanied by W+ boson from a 240Gev decaying particle). * The 240Gev particle can also decay into three W bosons, two positive and one negative. This option may be a preferable choice by circumstances and may affect the 160Gev particle detection. This theory also discovered that there must be two kinds of speeds of light. The speed in vacuum which this theory yield c=2.99792344x10^8 [m/s^2] compared to the experimental value c=2.99792458x10^8 [m/s^2] that travels over long distances, and c=2.99993069x10^8 [m/s^2] speed in the atomic domain! Recently was reported by the Toronto-based experimental physicists (July 2020), which conducted an experiment that shows the possibility of the Quantum tunneling to allow faster-than-light travel!

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Why is it important?

I believe that only in-depth examination by the reader himself of the correctness of the formulas and the models that they represent of which in my opinion constitute an extension of the current knowledge in the mentioned fields, and with readiness to understand a different point of view and try to accept without preconceived opinion that what on its face seems to be a closed and proven subject that there is nothing to add to it without any doubt, and that there are no other way to yield a well based results, especially when it comes for instance to the need of using a high mathematics which their fundamentals are well established (such as mathematical operators, partial differential equations, renormalization process or the use of perturbation theory) to reach the desired solutions, will be possible to objectively assess its worth. The formulas in this theory yield instant results without using a repeated calculations process to yield the results that matches the experiments! Nevertheless I hope that reading the book will be enjoyable and may be it will cause a new thinking over the issues discussed, because there is a fairly chance that there is more than one way of understanding what nature is telling us.

Perspectives

The elementary particles are detected indirectly through their decay products due to their short lifetime, which requires reconstructing the probable occurrence of the specific course of events of the collision in the particles accelerator, using the energy and momentum conservation laws. There are for instance charged mesons like the Pi mesons or leptons like electrons and muons that can be detected by their traces signatures in a magnetic field or quarks and gluons that are noticeable by jets of particles in a detector device that makes them visible. For instance the gauge boson W that can't be directly detected due to its short life time and its large mass ~ 80 Gev is explained by time-energy uncertainty principle as being a virtual particle or by interacting with the Higgs field. A new perspective among others for this event is presented as following: According to the theory presented in this book, the proton, the neutron and all the baryons consist of three energy levels on which the quarks are orbiting. The third energy level is equivalent to 80.5 Gev; it plays a major role at decaying process through the weak force while it host a charged mesons for split seconds (The Pentaquark is created this way for instance) which ultimately are emitted out via a W boson that acquires the level's energy. The Gluons that carries the force acting between the orbiting quarks at the three energy levels are fused to produce a pair of neutrinos within a baryon or out of it. The theory suggests the possibility for gluons to generate a pair of a neutrino/anti-neutrino in a fusion process, that later forms an φ meson that consists of strange/anti-strange quarks, a J/psi meson that consists of charm/anti-charm quarks, or a three Pi mesons (one positive, one negative and one neutral), that are being the source for generating the various Baryons beyond the proton and the neutron. The source of the W boson in this theory relates this mass to a negative Pi meson that is emitted out from the third energy level (~80 Gev) accompanied by a gluon that acquires that energy to form the W boson before instantly decaying to an electron and an anti-neutrino. The "three energy levels" model presented in this theory describes the direct scenario of the production of the W the Z and the Higgs bosons and also the "Top" quark at protons collisions. The model describes the inner structure of every baryon, where each level defines the energy and charge of quarks (not their mass) as follows: for a baryon; lower level 3Gev and -1/3 (e) charge, middle level 24Gev and 2/3(e) charge, and upper level 80Gev and (-e) charge, and for anti baryons; lower level 3Gev and 1/3(e) charge, middle level 24Gev and -2/3(e) charge, and upper level 80Gev and (+e) charge. The "down" and "up" quarks within the proton the neutron and all other baryons are orbiting at the lower and mid levels. The third level (upper level) is activated in excited state (unstable baryons) as it temporarily host charged P mesons before being emitted out through the week force decaying process. The third level serves as a breakout gate for the week force decaying process! The "Top" quark and the Higgs boson are created at protons collisions while quarks at the lower and the mid levels are shifted during the impact to a higher level, aiming towards the upper energy level that triggers the decay mechanism which temporarily forms a new inner configuration of the quarks in the formerly proton, and it displays momentarily a particle with a new mass and new electric charge obtained from the new configuration which appears to be the Top quark or the Higgs boson (of course they have a different configuration depending on the intensity of the collision impact). The neutron that decays in the weak force interaction is actually an exited state of a proton (positive charged) that conceals within a negative Pi meson at the third energy level that allegedly simulates a neutron. When the negative Pi meson is emitted out from the exited proton (as a part that forms the negative W boson), it appears to an outside observer as a neutron transformed into a proton. The common understanding of the scientific community depicts this event as a "down" quark within a neutron that is transformed into an "up" quark by emitting a negative W boson which transforms the neutron into a proton. The course of events of the beta decay according to the theory presented in this book is as follows: The negative Pi meson is emitted out from the third energy level accompanied by a gluon that acquires the level's energy and decays into an 'electron neutrino' and 'electron anti-neutrino' that are invisible; the Pi meson captures the electron neutrino to jointly form a bound state and become an electron accompanied by the electron anti-neutrino that scatters alongside. A new perspective also is related to the second and third quarks generations. These quarks are a variations of a "down" and "up" quarks and their anti quarks compositions. Such compositions consist of three quarks where two of them are of the same type with opposite electric charges which neutralize each other, plus a third quark which has a fraction of the elementary charge, that as a whole particle it allegedly simulates a quark from the second or the third generation. There are examples off course but the reader can check by himself many other interactions to verify this statement. This insight explains the various choices of decaying modes of the sub atomic particles like the decay modes of the neutral K mesons for instance that currently are explained by the CP violation analysis and also through them it reveals the inner structure of all the baryons that are generated in the particle accelerators. Here is a prediction according to my theory presented in my book of a new neutral boson weighing 160Gev with the following properties: Let's assume that all the three quarks in the proton that are tagged before the collision as: d (1) u (2) u (2) (the tagging denotes the specific energy level of which the quark is positioned at) are shifted after the collision to the third energy level and a new particle is formed weighing 240Gev (a quark at the third energy level accumulate 80Gev) and carries a charge of e+ (this is the total of their algebraic sum:- {(-1/3e), (+2/3e), (+2/3e)}). This new particle will decay into a neutral boson that weighs 160Gev accompanied by a W+ boson that weighs 80Gev (Complementing the value to 240Gev), and it is probably a larger cousin of the Higgs boson 125Gev that was discovered on July 2012.The neutral boson that weighs 160Gev will decay into four leptons or a b quark and b antiquark and to some other options. The W+ boson will decay into a positron and an electron neutrino. Note: Please keep in mind that I have described here one side of the collision from the aspect of a proton/proton collision type. If the collision is a proton/antiproton type than on the antiproton side there will be: anti d (1) anti u (2) anti u (2), that after collision it forms a new particle weighing 240Gev, and charge e- (this is the total of their algebraic sum: {(+1/3e), (-2/3e), (-2/3e)}). This new particle will decay to a neutral boson that weighs 160Gev accompanied by a negative W boson that weighs 80Gev. The neutral boson that weighs 160Gev will decay into four leptons or a b quark and b antiquark and to other options. The negative W boson will decay into a muon and an anti muon neutrino. I am aware of the media publications who discussed it extensively at early 2007, that there were analysis done on data of protons collisions at CDF (The Collider Detector at Fermilab's Tevatron) of which the initial results implies the possible existence of a Higgs like particle weighing 160Gev, and despite the final results at that time it seems that the signs observed at CDF were real and valid. * The 240Gev particle can also decay into three W bosons, two positive and one negative. This option may be a preferable choice by circumstances and may affect the 160Gev particle detection.

Project Manager at Hi Tech Israel if Fried
israelfried@hotufi.net

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This page is a summary of: The Hidden Variables Theory, January 2017, Glasstree,
DOI: 10.20850/9781534201354.
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