Low-dose exposure to estradiol on a long-term basis affects the heart, behavior and reproduction.

What is it about?

There are several beneficial effects of estrogen on the body such as improving memory, regulating reproductive functions, bone health etc. This paper talks about the harmful effects of estrogen, especially when it is taken in low doses for long periods of time.

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Why is it important?

Low dose exposures occur from environmental estrogens and from medications such as oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy. So it is important to understand the potentially harmful effects of such exposures.