What is it about?
This chapter explores how Richard FitzRalph, in his Lectura on the Sentences (1328–1329), tackles the question of whether the human will can experience contradictory desires or passions simultaneously. The issue, which traces back to Aristotle, is further developed by Christian theologians, particularly in discussions about the two natures of Christ. FitzRalph uses the example of Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus simultaneously wills both to avoid suffering and to accept it according to God's will. How can one will both to suffer and not to suffer at the same time? This study examines the historical background of this problem, FitzRalph’s development of the idea, and the complexities surrounding the unresolved aspects, ultimately offering a tentative solution to this age-old philosophical and theological puzzle.
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Why is it important?
We are increasingly uncovering crucial insights into a pivotal era of intellectual history at Oxford between 1328 and 1334, a period marked by a golden age of thought fueled by the innovative methods and groundbreaking ideas of the Oxford Calculators. At the forefront of this intellectual renaissance was Richard FitzRalph, whose work not only shaped these transformative years but also made him one of the most frequently cited insular authors throughout the remainder of the fourteenth century. This article plays a vital role in broadening the ongoing scholarly debate surrounding the intricate relationship between volition and cognition among the Oxford thinkers of this era. Understanding this connection is essential for a deeper comprehension of the intellectual landscape of medieval philosophy.
Perspectives
This is a significant theme that has been surprisingly overlooked, despite being the focus of intense debate for centuries and leaving a lasting impact on early modern thought. The insights gained from these medieval reflections are not just historically important; they are highly relevant to contemporary discussions on the freedom of the will. In particular, they offer valuable perspectives on whether the will can remain truly free when confronted with inherently desirable objects, and whether such desirability can compel the will to choose. These age-old debates continue to resonate today, providing critical context and depth to our ongoing exploration of human volition.
Prof Michael Dunne
National University of Ireland Maynooth
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This page is a summary of: Richard FitzRalph on Contradictory Appetites (Appetitus Contrarii), June 2023, De Gruyter,
DOI: 10.1163/9789004696495_004.
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