Analyzing Scientific Literacy in Asia’s Top Five PISA 2022 Performers Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling and Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice

What is it about?

This study explores why students in Singapore, Japan, Macao (China), Chinese Taipei, and South Korea consistently rank among the highest in the world for scientific literacy, as measured by the PISA 2022 assessment. Using advanced statistical methods, it examines how student characteristics (such as curiosity, stress resistance, and socioeconomic background) and school factors (such as teacher qualifications, school climate, and competition) influence student performance in science. The findings show that while these education systems all invest heavily in public schooling and teacher development, they take different approaches to governance, curriculum structure, and student support. Some systems prioritize academic competition, while others focus on equity and student well-being. The study highlights the complex relationship between government policies, school environments, and student success. By identifying what works in these high-performing education systems, this research provides valuable insights for educators and policymakers worldwide. It offers practical recommendations for improving science education, ensuring that all students—regardless of background—have the opportunity to develop strong scientific skills and knowledge.

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