What is it about?

We developed a system that brings together three key players to organize and understand documents more effectively: humans who provide expertise and validation, AI language models that can read and extract information, and knowledge graphs that store facts in a structured way. Think of it as creating a smart assistant that helps people organize complex documents—the AI reads and suggests organization schemes, the knowledge graph provides a framework to store the information logically, and humans verify everything is correct. While we tested this with research papers, the same approach works for legal documents, medical documents, policy documents, or any text that needs careful organization and fact-checking.

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Why is it important?

Current document organization methods force a hard choice: either spend countless hours manually extracting and organizing information with high accuracy, or use fast AI tools that produce unreliable results you cannot verify. Our work breaks this trade-off by creating the first system where AI and humans genuinely collaborate rather than work separately. This matters because organizations are drowning in documents—from legal firms processing case files to companies managing technical documentation—and existing solutions either do not scale or cannot be trusted. Three aspects make our approach uniquely valuable right now. First, we solve the "black box" problem of AI tools by showing users exactly where each piece of extracted information comes from in the original document, complete with confidence scores. This transparency transforms AI from an uncertain source of answers into an accountable assistant. Second, unlike pure AI solutions that require complete retraining when they make mistakes, our system learns from each human correction in real-time, getting smarter with use. Third, we have proven this reduces document processing time from hours to minutes while maintaining human-level accuracy—we measured a 76% satisfaction rate with transparency and automation value in our user studies. The timing is critical because large language models have just become powerful enough to extract meaningful information from complex documents, but organizations remain hesitant to adopt them due to hallucination risks and lack of verification methods. Our approach directly addresses these concerns by keeping humans in control while leveraging AI's speed. Early adopters in domains like legal discovery, regulatory compliance, and research synthesis could save thousands of hours annually while building trustworthy knowledge bases that actually improve over time through the human feedback loop we have implemented.

Perspectives

Working on this project disclosed a fundamental tension that I believe many researchers face today: the promise of AI to revolutionize knowledge work versus the reality of its current limitations. What started as an attempt to simply speed up the creation of research comparisons evolved into something more tangible—a recognition that the future of knowledge organization is not about replacing human judgment but augmenting it in meaningful ways. The most rewarding aspect was witnessing participants in our user study experience that "aha" moment when they realized they could actually trace every AI extraction back to its source in the PDF. One participant, initially skeptical about using LLMs for academic work, commented that this transparency feature alone changed their perspective on AI-assisted research. This feedback reinforced my belief that trust in AI systems comes not from perfect accuracy but from accountable transparency. I was surprised by how differently academic and industry participants approached the system. Academic users focused intensely on the LLM dependency concerns, while industry participants primarily struggled with interface complexity. This divide suggests we may need different interaction paradigms for different professional contexts—something I had not fully appreciated when we began. Looking forward, I hope this work encourages others to explore human-AI collaboration models that preserve human agency while leveraging machine capabilities. The path forward is not just about making AI more powerful, but about making it more accountable, transparent, and genuinely collaborative.

Hassan Hussein
TIB – Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology

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This page is a summary of: A Hybrid, Neuro-symbolic Approach for Scholarly Knowledge Organization, August 2025, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery),
DOI: 10.1145/3704268.3742700.
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