Air pollution, health expenditure and economic growth in MINT countries: a trivariate causality test

What is it about?

Air pollution largely triggered by increased energy consumption and production is globally considered a major environmental risk to health and sustainable development. To examine the relationship between air pollution, health expenditure and economic growth, this study applies the bounds testing approach. The findings of the study confirm that air pollution is closely associated with changes in health expenditure and economic output. Therefore, air pollution standards in MINT countries should be monitored and enforced with transparency so as to mitigate its health implications and ensure the sustainability of economic growth.

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