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Expanding middle managers' discretionary authority can enhance their ability to make sound judgments. Additionally, it is believed that increasing staff promotions on an equitable basis would drive all employees to perform better. Managers must be gradually prepared for independence by their organizations. Managers who lack identifying features may abuse their position and engage in political behavior as a result of their independence. Managers may also misuse their autonomy and cause harm to the organization.

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This page is a summary of: Investigating strategic control, independence of managers, organizational policies and subjective career advancement in tourism organizations, Industrial and Commercial Training, April 2025, Emerald,
DOI: 10.1108/ict-07-2023-0055.
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