Tri-level Transmission Expansion Planning Considering Intentional Attacks-Part II

What is it about?

In the second part of this two-part study, the authors numerically validate and analyse the tri-level transmission expansion planning (TTEP) which is formulated and explained in the first part. TTEP is performed aim to minimise the destructive impacts of physical intentional attacks. At first, an illustrative example (a three-bus system) is provided to show the capability of the proposed TTEP model to find the Nash equilibria and identify the Pareto equilibria of the game among virtual attackers. Then, the proposed TTEP model is applied on the Garver network and the modified IEEE 30-bus network and numerical results for several case studies are provided. The numerical results confirm the proposed model and show its significant capability in reducing the vulnerability of the power networks.

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Why is it important?

The major contribution and charm of this paper are proposing a new formulation in the middle level so that the whole problem becomes a mixed integer linear programming (MILP). Instead of assuming a unique attacker, authors assume a Nash game of multiple virtual attackers of which every attacker is to maximize the operating cost by attacking one line. The equilibrium constraints of this game and a constraint to enforce Pareto efficiency are added together to become the middle-lower level equivalent.