Nonparametric estimation of petroleum accident risk to improve environmental protection

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" The researchers demonstrated that an empirically grounded environmental planning risk management model could be developed and validated from petroleum accident data. The operations research and decision-making literature was reviewed for empirical models related to environmental disasters. Rigorous nonparametric statistical techniques were applied to build and validate the model. A contingency table was developed in order to calculate the marginal, joint, and conditional probabilities. Two well-known nonparametric techniques were applied to estimate the reliabilities of the results, namely the Cochran and Mantel–Haenszel tests of conditional independence. The Mantel–Haenszel odds ratio was 5.762 (3.979, 8.346), which suggests it was almost six times more likely for an oil–gas service station to have a petroleum accident during the 2003–2013 period." (p. 10)

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