All Stories

  1. Aqueous charge injection: solvation bonding dynamics, molecular nonbond interactions, and extraordinary solute capabilities
  2. Tantalum surface oxidation: Bond relaxation, energy entrapment, and electron polarization
  3. Energetics competition in centrally four-coordinated water clusters and Raman spectroscopic signature for hydrogen bonding
  4. Size modulation electronic and optical properties of phosphorene nanoribbons: DFT–BOLS approximation
  5. Hydrogen bond network relaxation resolved by alcohol hydration (methanol, ethanol, and glycerol)
  6. Base-hydration-resolved hydrogen-bond networking dynamics: Quantum point compression
  7. Nanobubble Skin Supersolidity
  8. Two Dimensional Antiferromagnetic Chern Insulator: NiRuCl6
  9. Multifield-driven bond–phonon–photon performance of layered (Mo, W)–(S2, Se2)
  10. Water molecular structure-order in the NaX hydration shells(X=F, Cl, Br, I)
  11. Catalytic and Magnetic Behaviors of Excessively Charged Silver, Copper, Platinum, and Rhodium Atomic Clusters
  12. Enhanced quantum size effect in Li and Na clusters via rare gas doping
  13. Unprecedented thermal stability of water supersolid skin
  14. Electronic structure and binding energy relaxation of ScZr atomic alloying
  15. Number-of-layer, pressure, and temperature resolved bond-phonon-photon cooperative relaxation of layered black phosphorus
  16. Raman spectroscopy of alkali halide hydration: hydrogen bond relaxation and polarization
  17. Adjustable electronic performances and redox ability of a g-C3N4 monolayer by adsorbing nonmetal solute ions: a first principles study
  18. Electronic binding energy relaxation of Sc clusters by monatomic alloying: DFT-BOLS approximation
  19. Interface bond relaxation on the thermal conductivity of Si/Ge core-shell nanowires
  20. Nitrogen mediated electronic structure of the Ti(0001) surface
  21. Oxidation of the titanium(0001) surface: diffusion processes of oxygen from DFT
  22. Why is ice so slippery?
  23. Skin Bond Electron Relaxation Dynamics of Germanium Manipulated by Interactions with H2 , O2 , H2 O, H2 O2 , HF, and Au
  24. Graphene phonon softening and splitting by directional straining
  25. Thermally Driven (Mo, W)-(S2, Se2) Phonon and Photon Energy Relaxation Dynamics
  26. The effect of surface and interface on Neel transition temperature of low-dimensional antiferromagnetic materials
  27. Bond relaxation in length and energy of Li atomic clusters
  28. Ice Regelation: Hydrogen-bond extraordinary recoverability and water quasisolid-phase-boundary dispersivity
  29. Coordination-resolved local bond strain and 3p energy entrapment of K atomic clusters and K(110) skin
  30. Water's phase diagram: From the notion of thermodynamics to hydrogen-bond cooperativity
  31. Potential Paths for the Hydrogen-Bond Relaxing with (H2O)NCluster Size
  32. Coordination-Resolved Electron Spectrometrics
  33. Coordination-Resolved Spectrometrics of Local Bonding and Electronic Dynamics of Au Atomic Clusters, Solid Skins, and Oxidized Foils
  34. Water Nanodroplet Thermodynamics: Quasi-Solid Phase-Boundary Dispersivity
  35. Hydrogen-bond relaxation dynamics: Resolving mysteries of water ice
  36. Oxygenation mediating the valence density-of-states and work function of Ti(0001) skin
  37. Local bond-electron-energy relaxation of Mo atomic clusters and solid skins
  38. Atomistic spectrometrics of local bond-electron-energy pertaining to Na and K clusters
  39. Coordination-resolved bonding and electronic dynamics of Na atomic clusters and solid skins
  40. Atomistic bond relaxation, energy entrapment, and electron polarization of the RbN and CsN clusters (N ≤ 58)
  41. Coordination-resolved local bond relaxation, electron binding-energy shift, and Debye temperature of Ir solid skins
  42. Mediating relaxation and polarization of hydrogen-bonds in water by NaCl salting and heating
  43. The effects of surface bond relaxation on electronic structure of Sb2Te3nano-films by first-principles calculation
  44. Defects improved photocatalytic ability of TiO2
  45. A common supersolid skin covering both water and ice
  46. Magnetism induced by excess electrons trapped at diamagnetic edge-quantum well in multi-layer graphene
  47. Photo-less catalysis of TiO2-reduced graphene oxides
  48. Coordination-resolved local bond contraction and electron binding-energy entrapment of Si atomic clusters and solid skins
  49. Catalytic nature of under- and hetero-coordinated atoms resolved using zone-selective photoelectron spectroscopy (ZPS)
  50. Anisotropic terahertz dielectric responses of sodium nitrate crystals
  51. Skin-resolved local bond contraction, core electron entrapment, and valence charge polarization of Ag and Cu nanoclusters
  52. Coordination-resolved local bond relaxation and electron binding-energy shift of Pb solid skins and atomic clusters
  53. Atomic under-coordination fascinated catalytic and magnetic behavior of Pt and Rh nanoclusters
  54. Band gap engineering of early transition-metal-doped anatase TiO2: first principles calculations
  55. Hydrogen-bond memory and water-skin supersolidity resolving the Mpemba paradox
  56. Relaxation of the Chemical Bond
  57. Skin dominance of the dielectric–electronic–phononic–photonic attribute of nanoscaled silicon
  58. Hydrogen Bond Asymmetric Local Potentials in Compressed Ice
  59. Size, separation, structural order and mass density of molecules packing in water and ice
  60. Guanine binding to gold nanoparticles through nonbonding interactions
  61. Density and Phonon-Stiffness Anomalies of Water and Ice in the Full Temperature Range
  62. Visible light photocatalytic degradation of dyes by bismuth oxide-reduced graphene oxide composites prepared via microwave-assisted method
  63. Size, shape, and temperature dependence of the phonon relaxation dynamics of CdSe nanocrystals
  64. Green's Function in Form of Bloch Eigenmodes in Tight Binding Representation
  65. Light down-converting characteristics of ZnO–Y2O2S:Eu3+ for visible light photocatalysis
  66. Density, Elasticity, and Stability Anomalies of Water Molecules with Fewer than Four Neighbors
  67. Raman spectroscopic determination of the length, energy, Debye temperature, and compressibility of the C–C bond in carbon allotropes
  68. Investigation on the most probable breaking behaviors of copper nanowires with the dependence of temperature
  69. Nanophotocatalysts via microwave-assisted solution-phase synthesis for efficient photocatalysis
  70. Visible light photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by SnO2 quantum dots prepared via microwave-assisted method
  71. XPS quantification of the hetero-junction interface energy
  72. Size-depressed critical temperatures for the order–disorder transition of FePt, CoPt, FePb, Cu2S, and ZnS nanostructures
  73. Enhanced photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) by ZnO–TiO2–CNTs composites synthesized via microwave-assisted reaction
  74. Raman spectroscopy determination of the Debye temperature and atomic cohesive energy of CdS, CdSe, Bi2Se3, and Sb2Te3 nanostructures
  75. Size and shape dependent order–disorder phase transition of Co–Pt nanowires
  76. Investigation on the effect of atomic defects on the breaking behaviors of gold nanowires
  77. Bond Order Resolved 3d 5/2 and Valence Band Chemical Shifts of Ag Surfaces and Nanoclusters
  78. Electronic transport in the multi-terminal graphene nanodevices
  79. ZnO Meso-Mechano-Thermo Physical Chemistry
  80. Mesoscopic superelasticity, superplasticity, and superrigidity
  81. Phonon ballistic transport in the atomic chains with different interface connections to the heat reservoir
  82. UV-assisted photocatalytic synthesis of ZnO–reduced graphene oxide composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity in reduction of Cr(VI)
  83. Switching, Dual Spin-Filtering Effects, and Negative Differential Resistance in a Carbon-Based Molecular Device
  84. Electronic structures and transport properties of fluorinated boron nitride nanoribbons
  85. The hidden force opposing ice compression
  86. One-step synthesis of CdS–TiO2–chemically reduced graphene oxide composites via microwave-assisted reaction for visible-light photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange
  87. Raman spectroscopic determination of the length, strength, compressibility, Debye temperature, elasticity, and force constant of the C–C bond in graphene
  88. Sol–gel synthesis of Au/N–TiO2 composite for photocatalytic reduction of Cr(vi)
  89. Correlation between the band gap, elastic modulus, Raman shift and melting point of CdS, ZnS, and CdSe semiconductors and their size dependency
  90. Microwave-assisted synthesis of ZnO–Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ composites with enhanced visible light photocatalysis
  91. Zone-selective photoelectronic measurements of the local bonding and electronic dynamics associated with the monolayer skin and point defects of graphite
  92. Size-suppressed dielectrics of Ge nanocrystals: skin-deep quantum entrapment
  93. Under-coordinated atoms induced local strain, quantum trap depression and valence charge polarization at W stepped surfaces
  94. Edge Hydrogenation-Induced Spin-Filtering and Rectifying Behaviors in the Graphene Nanoribbon Heterojunctions
  95. Band Gap Modulation of the IV, III–V, and II–VI Semiconductors by Controlling the Solid Size and Dimension and the Temperature of Operation
  96. Controlling the Band Gap of ZnO by Programmable Annealing
  97. Discriminative generation and hydrogen modulation of the Dirac-Fermi polarons at graphene edges and atomic vacancies
  98. Anisotropic and temperature effects on mechanical properties of copper nanowires under tensile loading
  99. Atomic Scale Purification of Re Surface Kink States with and without Oxygen Chemisorption
  100. Pump-power tunable white upconversion emission in lanthanide-doped hexagonal NaYF4 nanorods
  101. Bandgap expansion and dielectric suppression of self-assembled Ge nanocrystals
  102. Mechanically stiffened and thermally softened bulk modulus of BaXO3(X=Ti,Zr,Nb) cubic perovskites
  103. Potential barrier generation at the BeW interface blocking thermonuclear radiation
  104. Microwave-assisted synthesis of CdS–reduced graphene oxide composites for photocatalytic reduction of Cr(vi)
  105. XPS revelation of tungsten edges as a potential donor-type catalyst
  106. Underneath the fascinations of carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoribbons
  107. Microwave-assisted synthesis of ZnO–graphene composite for photocatalytic reduction of Cr(vi)
  108. Microwave-assisted synthesis of TiO2-reduced graphene oxide composites for the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(vi)
  109. All spray pyrolysis deposited CdS sensitized ZnO films for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells
  110. CuPd interface charge and energy quantum entrapment: A tight-binding and XPS investigation
  111. Inverse Hall–Petch relationship in the nanostructured TiO2: Skin-depth energy pinning versus surface preferential melting
  112. Bandgap Modulation in ZnO by Size, Pressure, and Temperature
  113. A Phenomenological Model on Phase Transitions in Nanocrystalline Barium Titanate Ceramic
  114. Size dependent 2p3/2 binding-energy shift of Ni nanoclusters on SiO2 support: Skin-depth local strain and quantum trapping
  115. Phonon transport in atomic chains coupled by thermal contacts: The role of buffer layer
  116. Determination of atomic Ni interaction with TiO2 by XPS
  117. Thermal stability of the nanostructured BaTiO3 determined by long and short range interactions: A dual-shell model
  118. Size Dependent Debye Temperature and Total Mean Square Relative Atomic Displacement in Nanosolids under High Pressure and High Temperature
  119. Mechanically Stiffened and Thermally Softened Raman Modes of ZnO Crystal
  120. Atomic-Layer- and Crystal-Orientation-Resolved 3d 5/2 Binding Energy Shift of Ru(0001) and Ru(101̅0) Surfaces
  121. Thickness effect on the band gap and optical properties of germanium thin films
  122. Atomistic origin of lattice strain on stiffness of nanoparticles
  123. Purified rhodium edge states: undercoordination-induced quantum entrapment and polarization
  124. Layer and orientation resolved bond relaxation and quantum entrapment of charge and energy at Be surfaces
  125. Interface quantum trap depression and charge polarization in the CuPd and AgPd bimetallic alloy catalysts
  126. Orientation-resolved 3d5/2 binding energy shift of Rh and Pd surfaces: anisotropy of the skin-depth lattice strain and quantum trapping
  127. Controllable synthesis and luminescent properties of novel erythrocyte-like CaMoO4hierarchical nanostructuresvia a simple surfactant-free hydrothermal route
  128. Graphene nanoribbon band-gap expansion: Broken-bond-induced edge strain and quantum entrapment
  129. Dominance of broken bonds and nonbonding electrons at the nanoscale
  130. Local structure relaxation, quantum trap depression, and valence charge polarization induced by the shorter-and-stronger bonds between under-coordinated atoms in gold nanostructures
  131. Kinetics and thermodynamics study for electrosorption of NaCl onto carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers electrodes
  132. Adatoms-Induced Local Bond Contraction, Quantum Trap Depression, and Charge Polarization at Pt and Rh Surfaces
  133. Sensitized deep-ultraviolet up-conversion emissions of Gd3+ via Tm3+ and Yb3+ in hexagonal NaYF4 nanorods
  134. Coulomb Repulsion at the Nanometer-Sized Contact: A Force Driving Superhydrophobicity, Superfluidity, Superlubricity, and Supersolidity
  135. The 2p3/2 binding energy shift of Fe surface and Fe nanoparticles
  136. Coordination-Resolved C−C Bond Length and the C 1s Binding Energy of Carbon Allotropes and the Effective Atomic Coordination of the Few-Layer Graphene
  137. The effect of surface bond reconstruction of thermal contact surfaces on phonon transport in atomic wire
  138. Elucidating the 4f Binding Energy of an Isolated Pt Atom and Its Bulk Shift from the Measured Surface- and Size-Induced Pt 4f Core Level Shift
  139. Dislocation Stimulus Dependence of Atomic Collective Vibration in an Icosahedral Cluster
  140. Photoluminescence and photoabsorption blueshift of nanostructured ZnO: Skin-depth quantum trapping and electron-phonon coupling
  141. Carbon nanotube–zinc oxide electrode and gel polymer electrolyte for electrochemical supercapacitors
  142. Anharmonic phonon transport in atomic wire coupled by thermal contacts with surface bond reconstruction
  143. Size Dependence of the 2p 3/2 and 3d 5/2 Binding Energy Shift of Ni Nanostructures: Skin-Depth Charge and Energy Trapping
  144. A first principles study on the full-Heusler compound Cr2MnAl
  145. Design of a Near-Perfect Anti Reflective Layer for Si Photodetectors Based on a SiO 2 Film Embedded with Si Nanocrystals
  146. Atomistic Origin and Pressure Dependence of Band Gap Variation in Semiconductor Nanocrystals
  147. Coordination imperfection enhanced electron–phonon interaction and band-gap expansion in Si and Ge nanocrystals
  148. Size-induced elastic stiffening of ZnO nanostructures: Skin-depth energy pinning
  149. Shell-Resolved Melting Kinetics of Icosahedral Cluster
  150. Thermo-mechanical behavior of low-dimensional systems: The local bond average approach
  151. Effects of sputtering pressure on the field emission properties of N-doped SrTiO3 thin films coated on Si tip arrays
  152. Local bond average for the thermally driven elastic softening of solid specimens
  153. Field emission properties of Si tip arrays coated with N-doped SrTiO3 thin films at different substrate temperature
  154. Dominance of Broken Bonds and Unpaired Nonbonding π-Electrons in the Band Gap Expansion and Edge States Generation in Graphene Nanoribbons
  155. Determination of the Si-Si bond energy from the temperature dependence of elastic modulus and surface tension
  156. Significant Enhancements in the Fluorescence and Phosphorescence of ZnO Quantum Dots/SiO 2 Nanocomposites by Calcination
  157. The lower-valence coexisting ferrimagnetic Cr2VX (X=Ga, Si, Ge, Sb) Heusler compounds: A first-principles study
  158. Template-Free Electrochemical Synthesis of Superhydrophilic Polypyrrole Nanofiber Network
  159. Size- and composition-induced band-gap change of nanostructured compound of II–VI semiconductors
  160. Nanoporous Structures: Smaller is Stronger
  161. Well-Aligned Cone-Shaped Nanostructure of Polypyrrole/RuO2 and Its Electrochemical Supercapacitor
  162. Local Bond Average for the Thermally Induced Lattice Expansion
  163. A pressurized blister test model for the interface adhesion of dissimilar elastic–plastic materials
  164. Corrosion resistance of CrAlN and TiAlN coatings deposited by lateral rotating cathode arc
  165. Wireless Energy Transmission to Piezoelectric Components
  166. Wireless drive of a piezoelectric plate by capacitorlike structure in electric resonance with an inductor
  167. Si field emitter arrays coated with thin ferroelectric films
  168. Nanocavity strengthening: Impact of the broken bonds at the negatively curved surfaces
  169. Effect of nitrogen addition on the band gap, core level shift, surface energy, and the threshold field of electron emission of the SrTiO3 thin films
  170. Temperature dependence of the elastic and vibronic behavior of Si, Ge, and diamond crystals
  171. Atomistic Origin of the Thermally Driven Softening of Raman Optical Phonons in Group III Nitrides
  172. Ultrastiff carbides uncovered in first principles
  173. Synthesis and Electrical Transport of Novel Channel-Structuredβ-AgVO3
  174. Energy Shifts of Si Oxidation States in the System of Si Nanocrystals Embedded in SiO2 Matrix
  175. Tailoring Zinc Oxide Nanowires for High Performance Amperometric Glucose Sensor
  176. Separation of lattice structural and electronic effects on physical properties with nanotechnology
  177. Size, temperature, and bond nature dependence of elasticity and its derivatives on extensibility, Debye temperature, and heat capacity of nanostructures
  178. Atomistic origin, temperature dependence, and responsibilities of surface energetics: An extended broken-bond rule
  179. Electrosynthesis and characterization of polypyrrole/Au nanocomposite
  180. Microstructure, magnetic, and optical properties of sputtered Mn-doped ZnO films with high-temperature ferromagnetism
  181. Size dependence of nanostructures: Impact of bond order deficiency
  182. Electron emission from SrTiO[sub 3]-coated silicon-tip arrays
  183. Atomistic origin and temperature dependence of Raman optical redshift in nanostructures: a broken bond rule
  184. Preparation of nano‐tentacle polypyrrole with pseudo‐molecular template for ATP incorporation
  185. Impact of surface bond-order loss on phonon dispersion relations and thermal conductivity of cylindrical Si nanowires
  186. Twin-microstructure enhanced magnetoresistance in La0.67Ba0.33MnO3 oxides
  187. Refractive indices of textured indium tin oxide and zinc oxide thin films
  188. Electron emission of silicon field emitter arrays coated with N-doped SrTiO3 film
  189. Electronic process of nitriding: Mechanism and applications
  190. Grain boundary structures of atomic layer deposited TiN
  191. Size dependence of Zn 2p 3∕2 binding energy in nanocrystalline ZnO
  192. Electrochemical Detection of Nitric Oxide on a SWCNT/RTIL Composite Gel Microelectrode
  193. Size-induced undercooling and overheating in phase transitions in bare and embedded clusters
  194. Distinguishing the effect of crystal-field screening from the effect of valence recharging on the 2p3/2 and 3d5/2 level energies of nanostructured copper
  195. Effect of surface bond-order loss on the electronic thermal conductivity of metallic polycrystalline films
  196. Effect of surface bond-order loss on the dc conductance of a metallic nanosolid
  197. Effect of surface bond-order loss on electrical resistivity of metallic polycrystalline thin films
  198. Size-induced acoustic hardening and optic softening of phonons in InP, CeO 2 , SnO 2 , CdS, Ag, and Si nanostructures
  199. Possible paths towards magic clusters formation
  200. Electrochemical thin film deposition of polypyrrole on different substrates
  201. Effects of substrate bias and growth temperature on properties of aluminium oxide thin films by using filtered cathodic vacuum arc
  202. Melting point oscillation of a solid over the whole range of sizes
  203. Impact of bond-order loss on surface and nanosolid magnetism
  204. Electronic process of Cu(Ag, V, Rh)(001) surface oxidation: atomic valence evolution and bonding kinetics
  205. Structural and magnetic properties of iron-nitride thin films deposited using a filtered cathodic vacuum arc
  206. Estimating the extent of surface oxidation by measuring the porosity dependent dielectrics of oxygenated porous silicon
  207. Self-organized carbon nanotubes grown at the grain boundary of iron-nitride
  208. Influence of mechanical stress on electron field emission of multiwalled carbon nanotube–polymer composites
  209. Impact of Bond Order Loss on Surface and Nanosolid Mechanics
  210. Magnetic and electronic properties of charge ordered Nd0.8Na0.2MnO3
  211. Influence of nitrogen on tunneling barrier heights and effective masses of electrons and holes at lightly-nitrided SiO2∕Si interface
  212. Discriminating Lattice Structural Effects from Electronic Contributions to the Superconductivity of Doped MgB 2 with Nanotechnology
  213. Core-Level Shift of Si Nanocrystals Embedded in a SiO 2 Matrix
  214. Interfacial reactions and mechanism of C54 TiSi2 phase formation enhanced by multi-thermal-shock method
  215. Superconductivity of nano-crystalline MgB 2
  216. Distinguishing the effect of surface passivation from the effect of size on the photonic and electronic behavior of porous silicon
  217. Competition between the double exchange and charge ordering interactions in the bandwidth controlled (La,Nd)0.8Na0.2MnO3 manganites
  218. Breaking limit of atomic distance in an impurity-free monatomic chain
  219. Size effect on the magnetism of nanocrystalline Ni films at ambient temperature
  220. Competition between the charge ordered and ferromagnetic states in (La,Nd)0.75Na0.25MnO3 manganites
  221. Oxygen lone-pair states near the valence band edge of aluminum oxide thin films
  222. Coordination imperfection enhanced electron-phonon interaction
  223. Elucidating Si−Si Dimmer Vibration from the Size-Dependent Raman Shift of Nanosolid Si
  224. Length, Strength, Extensibility, and Thermal Stability of a Au−Au Bond in the Gold Monatomic Chain
  225. Surface and nanosolid core-level shift: Impact of atomic coordination-number imperfection
  226. Size-effect on the electronic structure and the thermal stability of a gold nanosolid
  227. Origin of self-aligned nano-domains in MgB2
  228. Field emission enhancement of amorphous carbon films by nitrogen-implantation
  229. Coordination Imperfection Suppressed Phase Stability of Ferromagnetic, Ferroelectric, and Superconductive Nanosolids
  230. Band-gap expansion, core-level shift, and dielectric suppression of porous silicon passivated by plasma fluorination
  231. Modulating the work function of carbon by N or O addition and nanotip fabrication
  232. Growth, structural, and magnetic properties of iron nitride thin films deposited by dc magnetron sputtering
  233. Deposition of permalloy films by filtered cathodic vacuum arc
  234. Effects of surface passivation and interfacial reaction on the size-dependent 2p-level shift of supported copper nanosolids
  235. Electron emission of carbon nitride films and mechanism for the nitrogen-lowered threshold in cold cathode
  236. Dielectric relaxation and transition of porous silicon
  237. Dimension, Strength, and Chemical and Thermal Stability of a Single C−C Bond in Carbon Nanotubes
  238. Intense vortex pinning enhanced by semicrystalline defect traps in self-aligned nanostructured MgB2
  239. Size Dependence of the 2p-Level Shift of Nanosolid Silicon
  240. Comment on “Laser-like mechanoluminescence in ZnMnTe-diluted magnetic semiconductor” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 460 (2002)]
  241. Possible origin of magnetic transition ordering in La2/3A1/3MnO3 oxides
  242. Stress Effect on the Pyroelectric Properties of Lead Titanate Thin Films
  243. Oxidation electronics: bond–band–barrier correlation and its applications
  244. Discriminating Crystal Binding from the Atomic Trapping of a Core Electron at Energy Levels Shifted by Surface Relaxation or Nanosolid Formation
  245. Atomic Stacking Configurations in Atomic Layer Deposited TiN Films
  246. Photoluminescence of Si Nanosolids near the Lower End of the Size Limit
  247. Correlation between the Melting Point of a Nanosolid and the Cohesive Energy of a Surface Atom
  248. Intrinsic nanostructural domains: Possible origin of weaklinkless superconductivity in the quenched reaction product of Mg and amorphous B
  249. Post-Breakdown Conduction Instability of Ultrathin SiO 2 Films Observed in Ramped-Current and Ramped-Voltage Current–Voltage Measurements
  250. Microstructure and mechanical properties of nanocomposite amorphous carbon films
  251. Barrier Height Change in Very Thin SiO[sub 2] Films Caused by Charge Injection