All Stories

  1. In Memoriam: Dr. John Ross Jr.
  2. Dr. John Ross Jr.
  3. Shahbudin H. Rahimtoola: the scientific legacy
  4. Potent anti-inflammatory properties of HDL in vascular smooth muscle cells mediated by HDL-S1P and their impairment in coronary artery disease due to lower HDL-S1P: a new aspect of HDL dysfunction and its therapy
  5. The coronary circulation in acute myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury - a target for cardioprotection
  6. Remote Ischemic Conditioning in Cardiovascular Surgery
  7. Remote ischemic conditioning: the enigmatic transfer of protection
  8. OUP accepted manuscript
  9. The pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction and strategies of protection beyond reperfusion: a continual challenge
  10. ERICCA and RIPHeart: two nails in the coffin for cardioprotection by remote ischemic conditioning? Probably not!
  11. CIRCUS: a kiss of death for cardioprotection?
  12. Mitochondria at the heart of cardiovascular protection: p66shc—friend or foe?
  13. Interleukin-6-dependent phenotypic modulation of cardiac fibroblasts after acute myocardial infarction
  14. TCT-717 Coronary Microcirculation during Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
  15. TCT-774 Coronary Microembolization during Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: An Intracoronary Doppler Study
  16. Assessment of potential cardiovascular risks of methylphenidate in comparison with sibutramine: do we need a SCOUT (trial)?
  17. Silent Cerebral Ischemia After Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair: A Neuroimaging Study
  18. No Evidence for Activated Autophagy in Left Ventricular Myocardium at Early Reperfusion with Protection by Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
  19. Cardiovascular remodelling in coronary artery disease and heart failure
  20. Dank an den scheidenden Herausgeber Herrn Professor Dr. med. Dipl. Psych. Gerd Lehmkuhl
  21. Association of bilirubin with coronary artery calcification and cardiovascular events in the general population without known liver disease: the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study
  22. Is there a need for distal protection during native vessel percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with stable coronary artery disease?
  23. microRNA expression and its potential role in cardioprotection by ischemic postconditioning in pigs
  24. HDL-Bound Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P) Predicts the Severity of Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis
  25. Interference of propofol with signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 activation and cardioprotection by remote ischemic preconditioning during coronary artery bypass grafting
  26. Coronary Microcirculation
  27. Coronary atherosclerosis burden, but not transient troponin elevation, predicts long-term outcome in recreational marathon runners
  28. The STAT3 Inhibitor Stattic Impairs Cardiomyocyte Mitochondrial Function Through Increased Reactive Oxygen Species Formation
  29. Disease distribution and outcome in troponin-positive patients with or without revascularization in a chest pain unit: results of the German CPU-Registry
  30. Myocardial infarction and coronary microvascular obstruction: an intimate, but complicated relationship
  31. Reply to the Editor
  32. Preparatory Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation for Improved Valve Sizing
  33. The German CPU Registry: Comparison of troponin positive to troponin negative patients
  34. Cardioprotective and prognostic effects of remote ischaemic preconditioning in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: a single-centre randomised, double-blind, controlled trial
  35. Pleiotropic Effects of Antiarrhythmic Agents: Dronedarone in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
  36. Risk Factors for Thrombus Formation on the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug After Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion
  37. Incidence, outcome and correlates of residual paravalvular aortic regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation and importance of haemodynamic assessment
  38. EVIDENCE FOR PLEIOTROPIC CARDIOPROTECTION BY THE BRADYCARDIC AGENT IVABRADINE
  39. THE ANTI-ARRHYTHMIC DI-PEPTIDE ZP1609 (DANEGAPTIDE) WHEN GIVEN AT REPERFUSION REDUCES MYOCARDIAL INFARCT SIZE IN PIGS
  40. Remote conditioning
  41. Nitroglycerin does not Interfere with Protection by Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Patients with Surgical Coronary Revascularization under Isoflurane Anesthesia
  42. The antiarrhythmic dipeptide ZP1609 (danegaptide) when given at reperfusion reduces myocardial infarct size in pigs
  43. Coronary aspirate TNFα reflects saphenous vein bypass graft restenosis risk in diabetic patients
  44. Incidence, predictors, origin and prevention of early and late neurological events after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI): a comprehensive review of current data
  45. Connexin 43 impacts on mitochondrial potassium uptake
  46. Cardioprotection: chances and challenges of its translation to the clinic
  47. Infarct size reduction by cyclosporine A at reperfusion involves inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore but does not improve mitochondrial respiration
  48. Connexin 43 acts as a cytoprotective mediator of signal transduction by stimulating mitochondrial KATP channels in mouse cardiomyocytes
  49. Selective inhibition of Cx43 hemichannels by Gap19 and its impact on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury
  50. Saphenous vein aorto-coronary graft atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease: more plaque calcification and necrosis, but less vasoconstrictor potential
  51. TCT-874 Hemodynamic Assessment of Residual Paravalvular Aortic Regurgitation (PAR) after TAVI: Impact of Myocardial Supply-Demand Ratio (DPTI:SPTI) on Survival
  52. TCT-871 Leveraging Preparatory Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty (BAV) During TAVI for Improved Valve Sizing – A simple way to reduce Paravalvular Aortic Regurgitation (PAR)?!
  53. Trials, tribulations and speculation! Report from the 7th Biennial Hatter Cardiovascular Institute Workshop
  54. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of survivin causes global cardiac conduction defects
  55. Mitochondrial connexin 43 impacts on respiratory complex I activity and mitochondrial oxygen consumption
  56. Pre- and early in-hospital procedures in patients with acute coronary syndromes: first results of the “German chest pain unit registry”
  57. Calcium antagonists in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion—update 2012
  58. TNF-α, myocardial perfusion and function in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and primary percutaneous coronary intervention
  59. Lessons from human coronary aspirate
  60. Introduction to the Special Issue on Coronary Blood Flow
  61. Reprint of: The paradox of α-adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction revisited
  62. Peri-interventional coronary vasomotion
  63. Pleiotropic Effects of Dronedarone on Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Heart and Brain
  64. Beta3-Adrenoceptor Activation Just Says NO to Myocardial Reperfusion Injury
  65. SCIPIO brings new momentum to cardiac cell therapy
  66. Reduction of Cerebral Infarct Size by Dronedarone
  67. Beurteilung des koronaren Risikos älterer Ausdauersportler
  68. Nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins and their role in cardioprotection
  69. Carotid and Peripheral Atherosclerosis in Male Marathon Runners
  70. The paradox of α-adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction revisited
  71. The in-situ pig heart with regional ischemia/reperfusion — Ready for translation
  72. Reduction of Myocardial Infarct Size by Dronedarone in Pigs—A Pleiotropic Action?
  73. Reply
  74. Acute vasomotor paralysis and potential downstream effects of paclitaxel from stents implanted for saphenous vein aorto-coronary bypass stenosis
  75. 787 IMPROVED BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF MESHES USED FOR HERNIA, INCONTINENCE AND ORGAN PROLAPSE REPAIR BY PLASMA COATING - RESULTS OF IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES
  76. ATTENUATED VASOCONSTRICTOR RESPONSES TO CORONARY ARTERIAL ASPIRATE FROM PATIENTS WITH PACLITAXEL ELUTING STENT VERSUS BARE METAL STENT IMPLANTATION FOR SAPHENOUS VEIN AORTO-CORONARY BYPASS STENOSIS
  77. Mitochondria in Postconditioning
  78. A Radical View on the Contractile Machinery in Human Heart Failure
  79. Heart Rate and Heart Failure
  80. Vascular Pathophysiology in Response to Increased Heart Rate
  81. Inhibition of permeability transition pore opening by mitochondrial STAT3 and its role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion
  82. Translating novel strategies for cardioprotection: the Hatter Workshop Recommendations
  83. TNFα in atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion and heart failure
  84. The Arg16Gly-β2-adrenoceptor single nucleotide polymorphism: exercise capacity and survival in patients with end-stage heart failure
  85. Sphingosine 1-phosphate levels in plasma and HDL are altered in coronary artery disease
  86. TNFα in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, remodeling and heart failure
  87. Remote ischemic preconditioning reduces myocardial injury after coronary artery bypass surgery with crystalloid cardioplegic arrest
  88. Connexin 43 acts as a cytoprotective mediator of signal transduction by stimulating mitochondrial KATP channels in mouse cardiomyocytes
  89. Alpha-Adrenergic Coronary Vasoconstriction in Humans
  90. Cyclosporine A at Reperfusion Reduces Infarct Size in Pigs
  91. Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening: the holy grail of cardioprotection
  92. Adenosine and maximum coronary vasodilation in humans: myth and misconceptions in the assessment of coronary reserve
  93. β1‐ and β2‐Adrenoceptor polymorphisms and cardiovascular diseases
  94. Ischemic postconditioning: experimental models and protocol algorithms
  95. Recovery of Myocardial Hibernation after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
  96. Myocardial Late Gadolinium Enhancement: Prevalence, Pattern, and Prognostic Relevance in Marathon Runners 1
  97. Diastolic heart failure: a misNOmer
  98. Threats to the future of cardiovascular research
  99. Presence of connexin 43 in subsarcolemmal, but not in interfibrillar cardiomyocyte mitochondria
  100. Systematic Analysis of Functional and Structural Changes After Coronary Microembolization: A Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
  101. Tribute to Wolfgang Schaper on the occasion of his 75th birthday
  102. How Much Myocardial Damage Is Necessary to Enable Detection of Focal Late Gadolinium Enhancement at Cardiac MR Imaging? 1
  103. A novel-1364A/C aquaporin 5 gene promoter polymorphism influences the responses to salt loading of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and of blood pressure in young healthy men
  104. Circulating progenitor cells decrease immediately after marathon race in advanced-age marathon runners
  105. Impact of atherosclerotic plaque composition on coronary microembolization during percutaneous coronary interventions
  106. Left ventricular volumes and mass in marathon runners and their association with cardiovascular risk factors
  107. Reduced calcium responsiveness characterizes contractile dysfunction following coronary microembolization
  108. Serial measurements of whole blood nitrite in an intensive care setting
  109. Erwiderung auf den Beitrag von C.-F. Vahl „Überlegungen zur Bewertung von Forschung, zur wissenschaftlichen Schwerpunktbildung und zur Forschungsförderung“
  110. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 is located in the matrix of cardiomyocyte mitochondria
  111. Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction
  112. Risk Stratification for Coronary Artery Disease in Marathon Runners
  113. P100. Serial measurements of whole blood nitrite in an intensive care setting
  114. Mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential after low-flow ischemia are not affected by ischemic preconditioning
  115. On the paradox of exercise: coronary atherosclerosis in an apparently healthy marathon runner
  116. In patients chronically treated with metoprolol, the demand of inotropic catecholamine support after coronary artery bypass grafting is determined by the Arg389Gly-β1-adrenoceptor polymorphism
  117. Rosuvastatin reduces myocardial β-adrenoceptor-density and -high affinity state without functional consequences
  118. Identification of CX43 in mitochondrial membranes by mass spectrometry
  119. Mitochondrial connexin 43 hemichannels
  120. The sphingosine-1-phosphate analogue FTY720 reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice
  121. Release of TNFα during SVG-stenting and its relation to plaque extrusion and restenosis
  122. Ischemic postconditioning's cardioprotection is lost in aged and STAT3-deficient mice
  123. Regulation and Role of the Presynaptic and Myocardial Na+/H+ Exchanger NHE1: Effects on the Sympathetic Nervous System in Heart Failure
  124. Connexin 43 in ischemic pre- and postconditioning
  125. The Impact of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Large-vessel Diameter in the Canine Model of Chronic Vasospasm
  126. A Cathepsin D-Cleaved 16 kDa Form of Prolactin Mediates Postpartum Cardiomyopathy
  127. Reduction of cerebral infarct size by the AT1-receptor blocker candesartan, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor rosuvastatin and their combination
  128. Prevention of the ischemia-induced decrease in mitochondrial Tom20 content by ischemic preconditioning
  129. Better identification of patients who benefit from implantable cardioverter defibrillators by genotyping the G protein β3 subunit (GNB3) C825T polymorphism
  130. Is there a role of the Thr164Ile-β2-adrenoceptor polymorphism for the outcome of chronic heart failure?
  131. The progression of contractile dysfunction correlates with the extent of myofibrillar protein oxidation in failing rabbit hearts
  132. Delayed myocardial protection following coronary microembolization is mediated by TNF-α
  133. Sarcolemmal and mitochondrial connexin 43 protein contents are reduced in aged mouse myocardium
  134. Inhibition of Na+/H+‐exchanger with sabiporide attenuates the downregulation and uncoupling of the myocardial β‐adrenoceptor system in failing rabbit hearts
  135. Effects of lifestyle modification on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis, autonomic function, and angina—The role of GNB3 C825T polymorphism
  136. No loss of cardioprotection by postconditioning in connexin 43-deficient mice
  137. Intense Vasoconstriction in Response to Aspirate From Stented Saphenous Vein Aortocoronary Bypass Grafts
  138. Angiotensin II type 1 receptors in cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion: initiation of inflammation
  139. The Arg389Gly β1-adrenoceptor polymorphism does not affect cardiac effects of exercise after parasympathetic inhibition by atropine
  140. Myocardial Ischemia
  141. Connexin43 and Ischemic Preconditioning
  142. Connexin 43 and Ischemic Preconditioning
  143. The Arg389Gly Beta1-Adrenoceptor Polymorphism and Catecholamine Effects on Plasma-Renin Activity
  144. Differential tissue distribution of the Invs gene product inversin
  145. Overview of contemporary reperfusion strategies in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction
  146. Koronare Mikroembolisation: Perfusions-Kontraktions-Mismatch durch inflammatorische Reaktion des Myokards
  147. Regional differences of myocardial infarct development and ischemic preconditioning
  148. Distale Embolisierung: Manifestation und Konsequenzen
  149. ?2-Adrenoceptor-mediated intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of carteolol: an in vivo study
  150. Postconditioning
  151. The Angiotensin II Type 1—Receptor Blocker Candesartan Increases Cerebral Blood Flow, Reduces Infarct Size, and Improves Neurologic Outcome after Transient Cerebral Ischemia in Rats
  152. 1025-45 Preprocedural statin medication reduces small and large periprocedural myocardial injury in patients with stent implantation
  153. 1063-59 Preprocedural statin medication reduces the risk for periprocedural myocardial infarctions in patients with stent implantation independent of the cholesterol level
  154. The α1-adrenergic blocker urapidil improves contractile function in patients 3 months after coronary stenting: a randomized, double-blinded study
  155. TNF? in ischemia/reperfusion injury and heart failure
  156. Biography of Professor Dr. Hans-Heinrich Limbach
  157. Plasma nitrite reflects constitutive nitric oxide synthase activity in mammals
  158. Unchanged G-protein-coupled receptor kinase activity in the aging human heart
  159. Role of the eNOS Glu298Asp variant on the GNB3825T allele dependent determination of ??-adrenergic coronary constriction
  160. Activation of ATP‐dependent potassium channels is a trigger but not a mediator of ischaemic preconditioning in pigs
  161. Late preconditioning against myocardial stunning
  162. Emerging importance of alpha-adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction in acute coronary syndromes and its genetic background
  163. Coronary Microembolization
  164. p38 MAPK and apoptosis in pacing-induced heart failure in rabbits
  165. No importance of TNFa in classic ischemic preconditioning
  166. Ascorbic acid inhibits ischemic preconditioning in pigs
  167. No ischemic preconditioning in heterozygous connexin 43 - knockout mice
  168. Ischemic preconditioning attenuates the dephosphorylation of connexin 43 in pigs in situ
  169. Increase of TNFα-concentration in serum and liver but not in myocardium during pacing-induced heart failure
  170. Myocardial dysfunction with coronary microembolization: Signal transduction through a sequence of no, TNFα and sphingosine
  171. Sphingosine contributes to tumor necrosis factor-a-mediated contractile dysfunction in response to coronary microembolization
  172. Preconditioning one myocardial region does not neccessarily precondition the whole rabbit heart
  173. Coronary microembolization
  174. Balance and imbalance of regional myocardial contractile function and blood flow
  175. The myocardial TNFα-concentration is not increased during pacing-induced heart failure in rabbits
  176. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide improves myocardial contractile function of stunned myocardium in vivo
  177. Mitogen-activated protein kinases in the heart
  178. Acute ethanol exposure fails to elicit preconditioning-like protection in in situ rabbit hearts because of its continued presence during ischemia
  179. Control of Cardiac Output and Its Alterations during Exercise and in Heart Failure
  180. Modulation of noradrenaline-induced microvascular constriction by protein kinase inhibitors
  181. Sequence of Cardiac Activation and Ventricular Mechanics
  182. Perfusion-contraction match and mismatch
  183. No Protection of the Porcine Kidney by Ischaemic Preconditioning
  184. No protection of the porcine kidney by ischaemic preconditioning
  185. Enhanced reduction of myocardial infarct size by combined ACE inhibition and AT1‐receptor antagonism
  186. Coronary microembolization
  187. Identification of Necrotic Tissue by Phase–Contrast Microscopy at an Early Stage of Acute Myocardial Infarction
  188. X-ray densitometry for the measurement of regional myocardial perfusion
  189. Spontaneous and iatrogenic microembolization
  190. Koronate Mikroembolisierung — Bedeutung bei akuten koronaren Syndromen und bei interventionellen Eingriffen
  191. The relation of contractile function to myocardial perfusion
  192. AT1-Rezeptorenblockade und experimentelle Myokardischämie/Reperfusion
  193. AT1-Rezeptorblockade
  194. Infarct size reduction by AT1-receptor blockade through a signal cascade of AT2-receptor activation, bradykinin and prostaglandins in pigs
  195. Features of short-term myocardial hibernation
  196. Endogenous Protective Mechanisms in Myocardial Ischemia
  197. Cardioprotection by ACE Inhibitors in Myocardial Ischaemia/Reperfusion
  198. Dihydropyridine Calcium Antagonists: Beneficial or Adverse Effects in the Setting of Myocardial Ischaemia/Reperfusion?
  199. Opening remarks
  200. New Paradigms of Coronary Artery Disease
  201. Low-frequency Component of Heart Rate Variability
  202. BDF 9148—A Sodium Channel Modulator with Positive Inotropic Action
  203. Involvement of endogenous adenosine in ischaemic preconditioning in swine
  204. Stunned myocardium and the attenuation of stunning by calcium antagonists
  205. Low-frequency Spectral Power of Heart Rate Variability Is Not a Specific Marker of Cardiac Sympathetic Modulation 
  206. Brady cardie Agent UL-FS 49 Attenuates Ischemic Regional Myocardial Dysfunction and Reduces Infarct Size in Swine
  207. Commentaries on this month's Cardiovascular Controversy: the merits and demerits of animal experimentation From G Heusch
  208. Endogenous protective mechanisms in myocardial ischaemia: hibernation and ischaemic preconditioning
  209. CORDAT II: A new program for data acquisition and on-line calculation of hemodynamic and regional myocardial dimension parameters
  210. Cardioplegia and cardiac function
  211. Angiotensin und Herz
  212. Lokale und neurohumorale Kontrolle der Koronardurchblutung
  213. Angiotensin and the Heart
  214. Local and neurohumoral control of coronary blood flow
  215. Characterization of “Hibernating” and “Stunned” Myocardium with Focus on the Use of Calcium Antagonists in “Stunned” Myocardium
  216. The Calcium Antagonist Nisoldipine Improves the Functional Recovery of Reperfused Myocardium Only When Given Before Ischemia
  217. The Calcium Antagonist Nisoldipine Improves the Functional Recovery of Reperfused Myocardium Only When Given Before Ischemia
  218. Characterization of “Hibernating” and “Stunned” Myocardium with Focus on the Use of Calcium Antagonists in “Stunned” Myocardium
  219. The power-duration product ? evaluation of a new reference system for cardiopulmonary exercise testing
  220. Recruitment of an Inotropic Reserve in Hibernating and Stunned Myocardium
  221. Pressure-flow characteristics in the right and left ventricular perfusion territories of the right coronary artery in swine
  222. Postextrasystolic potentiation does not distinguish ischaemic from stunned myocardium
  223. Adrenergic Mechanisms in Myocardial Ischemia
  224. No Impairment of Sympathetic Neurotransmission in Stunned Myocardium
  225. Prevention of α-Adrenergic Coronary Constriction by Calcium-Antagonists
  226. Pain and Myocardial Ischemia: the Role of Sympathetic Activation
  227. Left ventricular asynchrony: An indicator of regional myocardial dysfunction
  228. Minimal ?1- and ?2-adrenoceptor-mediated coronary vasoconstriction in the anaesthetized swine
  229. ACE inhibitors for the treatment of myocardial ischemia?
  230. Felodipine prevents the poststenotic myocardial ischemia induced by alpha2-adrenergic coronary constriction
  231. Coronary Vasomotor Tone in Myocardial Ischemia
  232. Exercise-Induced Myocardial Ischemia: The Role of Heart Rate Reduction in Therapeutic Approach
  233. Kurze Geschichte der Angina pectoris: Vorstellungen von der Myokardischämie im Wandel der Zeit
  234. Belastungsinduzierte Myokardischämie: Die Bedeutung der Herzfrequenzreduktion in der Therapie
  235. Endothelial and neuro-humoral control of coronary blood flow in health and disease
  236. Pathophysiology and Rational Pharmacotherapy of Myocardial Ischemia
  237. Pathophysiologie und rationale Pharmakotherapie der Myokardischämie
  238. A Brief History of Angina Pectoris: Change of Concepts and Ideas
  239. Koronare Vasomotion bei Myokardischämie
  240. Pharmacological mechanisms to attenuate sympathetically induced myocardial ischemia
  241. New aspects on the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease
  242. Quinidine Attenuates Sympathetically Induced Poststenotic Myocardial Ischemia
  243. Regional myocardial blood flow, function and metabolism using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy during ischemia and reperfusion in dogs
  244. Ischemic myocardial hysfunction assessed by temporal Fourier transform of regional myocardial wall thickening
  245. Sympathetic Mechanisms in Poststenotic Myocardial Ischemia
  246. Clonidine Prevents the Sympathetic Initiation and Aggravation of Poststenotic Myocardial Ischemia
  247. α2-adrenoceptor-mediated coronary vasoconstriction persists after exhaustion of coronary dilator reserve
  248. Cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and progressive vasoconstriction distal to coronary stenoses: feed-back aggravation of myocardial ischemia
  249. Role of Cardiac Sympathetic Nerves in the Genesis of Myocardial Ischemia Distal to Coronary Stenoses
  250. α1 and α2-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Vasoconstriction of Large and Small Canine Coronary Arteries In Vivo
  251. Nifedipine Prevents Sympathetic Vasoconstriction Distal to Severe Coronary Stenoses
  252. Effects of heart rate and perfusion pressure on segmental coronary resistances and collateral perfusion
  253. Finanzorganisation
  254. Coronary Microembolization