All Stories

  1. Systemic Protein Biomarkers, Composite Blood Inflammatory Indices and Cellular Ratios in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Potential Therapeutic Targets

    Article • Diseases, April 2026, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  2. Humoral and cellular immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccine boosters in participants with advanced HIV disease

    Article • Journal of Infection, February 2026, Elsevier

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  3. The Effects of In Utero HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy Exposure on Infant T‐Cell and Monocyte Activation, Function, and Regulation of Immune‐Modulatory Pathways

    Article • Mediators of Inflammation, January 2026, Wiley

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  4. A Pilot Study on the Potential Pathological Link Between Oxidative Stress Markers and Renal Function in People Living with HIV

    Article • International Journal of Molecular Sciences, November 2025, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  5. Immunopathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications in Basal Cell Carcinoma: Current Concepts and Future Directions

    Article • Medicina, October 2025, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  6. Sustained Activation of Myeloperoxidase Is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in People Living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

    Article • International Journal of Molecular Sciences, October 2025, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  7. Current and Emerging Insights into the Causes, Immunopathogenesis, and Treatment of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

    Article • Cancers, May 2025, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  8. Vascular endothelial growth factor A: friend or foe in the pathogenesis of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infections?

    Article • Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, February 2025, Frontiers

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  9. Sodium, Potassium-Adenosine Triphosphatase as a Potential Target of the Anti-Tuberculosis Agents, Clofazimine and Bedaquiline

    Article • International Journal of Molecular Sciences, December 2024, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  10. T-Cell Phenotypes and Systemic Cytokine Profiles of People Living with HIV Admitted to Hospital with COVID-19

    Article • Microorganisms, October 2024, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  11. Sodium, Potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase as a Potential Target of the Anti-Tuberculosis Agents, Clofazimine and Bedaquiline

    Article • September 2024, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  12. Comparative Effects of Efavirenz and Dolutegravir on Metabolomic and Inflammatory Profiles, and Platelet Activation of People Living with HIV: A Pilot Study

    Article • Viruses, September 2024, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel, Prof Jan Gert Nel

  13. Aberrant innate immune profile associated with COVID-19 mortality in Pretoria, South Africa

    Article • Clinical Immunology, September 2024, Elsevier

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  14. Persistently Elevated Expression of Systemic, Soluble Co-Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Molecules in People Living with HIV before and One Year after Antiretroviral Therapy

    Article • Pathogens, June 2024, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  15. Relationships of emerging biomarkers of cancer cachexia with quality of life, appetite, and cachexia

    Article • Supportive Care in Cancer, May 2024, Springer Science + Business Media

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  16. Transforming growth factor-β1 and soluble co-inhibitory immune checkpoints as putative drivers of immune suppression in patients with basal cell carcinoma

    Article • Translational Oncology, April 2024, Elsevier

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  17. Emerging markers of cancer cachexia and their relationship to sarcopenia

    Article • Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, October 2023, Springer Science + Business Media

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  18. Comparison of platelet-and endothelial-associated biomarkers of disease activity in people hospitalized with Covid-19 with and without HIV co-infection

    Article • Frontiers in Immunology, August 2023, Frontiers

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  19. Pro-Tumorigenic and Thrombotic Activities of Platelets in Lung Cancer

    Article • International Journal of Molecular Sciences, July 2023, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  20. Biomarkers for disease progression identified in psoriasis patients: A pilot study

    Article • JEADV Clinical Practice, June 2023, Wiley

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  21. Dysregulation of systemic soluble immune checkpoints in early breast cancer is attenuated following administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and is associated with recovery of CD27, CD28, CD40, CD80, ICOS and GITR and substantially increased levels o...

    Article • Frontiers in Oncology, March 2023, Frontiers

    Prof Pieter Meyer, Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  22. Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Children with Perinatal HIV Exposure

    Article • Viruses, January 2023, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  23. Pro-Inflammatory Interactions of Dolutegravir with Human Neutrophils in an In Vitro Study

    Article • Molecules, December 2022, MDPI AG

    Prof Pieter Meyer, Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  24. Assessment of the efficacy of clofazimine alone and in combination with primary agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro

    Article • Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, June 2022, Elsevier

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  25. Systemic Immune Dysregulation in Early Breast Cancer Is Associated With Decreased Plasma Levels of Both Soluble Co-Inhibitory and Co-Stimulatory Immune Checkpoint Molecules

    Article • Frontiers in Immunology, May 2022, Frontiers

    Prof Pieter Meyer, Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  26. Systemic levels of the soluble co-inhibitory immune checkpoints, CTLA-4, LAG-3, PD-1/PD-L1 and TIM-3 are markedly increased in basal cell carcinoma

    Article • Translational Oncology, May 2022, Elsevier

    Prof Pieter Meyer, Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  27. Elevated Levels of Soluble CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG-3 and TIM-3 and Systemic Inflammatory Stress as Potential Contributors to Immune Suppression and Generalized Tumorigenesis in a Cohort of South African Xeroderma Pigmentosum Patients

    Article • Frontiers in Oncology, February 2022, Frontiers

    Prof Pieter Meyer, Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  28. Evaluation of three different laboratory methods to detect preformed human leukocyte antigen antibodies in a South African kidney transplant population

    Article • African Health Sciences, August 2021, African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Prof Pieter Meyer, Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  29. Human immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with a differential increase in cytokine response and increased risk of perforation in acute appendicitis

    Article • BJS, March 2021, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  30. Interactions of HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy With Neutrophils and Platelets

    Article • Frontiers in Immunology, March 2021, Frontiers

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  31. Submission for Special Issue: The Role of Platelet Activation in the Pathophysiology of HIV, Tuberculosis, and Pneumococcal Disease. Bedaquiline Suppresses ADP-Mediated Activation of Human Platelets In Vitro via Interference With Phosphatidylinositol 3...

    Article • Frontiers in Immunology, February 2021, Frontiers

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  32. Differential Responsiveness of the Platelet Biomarkers, Systemic CD40 Ligand, CD62P, and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB, to Virally-Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy

    Article • Frontiers in Immunology, January 2021, Frontiers

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  33. Plasma Inflammatory Biomarkers Predict CD4+ T-cell Recovery and Viral Rebound in HIV-1 Infected Africans on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy

    Article • The Journal of Infectious Diseases, December 2020, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  34. ADP-Mediated Upregulation of Expression of CD62P on Human Platelets Is Critically Dependent on Co-Activation of P2Y1 and P2Y12 Receptors

    Article • Pharmaceuticals, November 2020, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel, Prof Jan Gert Nel

  35. Contrasting Immunopathogenic and Therapeutic Roles of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Cancer

    Article • Pharmaceuticals, November 2020, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  36. High Mobility Group Box 1 in Human Cancer

    Article • Cells, July 2020, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  37. Role of the Neutrophil in the Pathogenesis of Advanced Cancer and Impaired Responsiveness to Therapy

    Article • Molecules, April 2020, MDPI AG

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  38. Biofilm formation and induction of stress response genes is a common response of several serotypes of the pneumococcus to cigarette smoke condensate

    Article • Journal of Infection, February 2020, Elsevier

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  39. Cigarette smoke exposure induces expression of the pneumococcal <i>erm</i>(B) macrolide resistance gene

    Article • Tobacco Induced Diseases, November 2019, E.U. European Publishing

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  40. What could be the source of endotoxin that plays a role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis?

    Article • Mediators of Inflammation, November 2019, Hindawi Publishing Corporation

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel, Mohammed Tikly, Prof Pieter Meyer

  41. Interleukin-10 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist distinguish between patients with sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

    Article • Cytokine, August 2019, Elsevier

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel, Prof Pieter Meyer

  42. Plasma Biomarkers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Related Systemic Inflammation and Immune Activation in Sub-Saharan Africa Before and During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy

    Article • The Journal of Infectious Diseases, May 2019, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  43. Effects of Tobacco Usage and Antiretroviral Therapy on Biomarkers of Systemic Immune Activation in HIV-Infected Participants

    Article • Mediators of Inflammation, December 2018, Hindawi Publishing Corporation

    Theresa Rossouw, Prof Helen Carolyn Steel, Professor Charles Feldman

  44. Strategies for screening cord blood for a public cord blood bank in high HIV prevalence regions

    Article • Global Health, January 2018, Hindawi Publishing Corporation

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  45. The Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 in the Progression of HIV/AIDS and Development of Non-AIDS-Defining Fibrotic Disorders

    Article • Frontiers in Immunology, November 2017, Frontiers

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  46. Facial appearance reveals immunity in African men

    Article • Scientific Reports, August 2017, Springer Science + Business Media

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  47. Investigation of the Mechanism of Anti-Inflammatory Action and Cytotoxicity of a Semipurified Fraction and Isolated Compounds From the Leaf of Peltophorum africanum (Fabaceae)

    Article • Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, July 2017, SAGE Publications

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  48. HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence

    Article • Mediators of Inflammation, January 2017, Hindawi Publishing Corporation

    Theresa Rossouw, Prof Helen Carolyn Steel, Prof Martin Nieuwoudt

  49. Systemic Immune Activation Profiles of HIV-1 Subtype C-Infected Children and Their Mothers

    Article • Mediators of Inflammation, January 2016, Hindawi Publishing Corporation

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  50. Cord Blood Stem Cell Banking

    Article • January 2016, Springer Science + Business Media

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  51. Formoterol is more effective than salmeterol in suppressing neutrophil reactivity

    Article • ERJ Open Research, May 2015, European Respiratory Society (ERS)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  52. Constituting a public umbilical cord blood bank in South Africa

    Article • British Journal of Pharmacology, January 2015, Springer Science + Business Media

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  53. Expression of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in childhood CF and non-CF bronchiectasis

    Article • Pediatric Pulmonology, October 2014, Wiley

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  54. Investigation of biofilm formation on a charged intravenous catheter relative to that on a similar but uncharged catheter

    Article • Medical Devices Evidence and Research, June 2014, Taylor & Francis

    Professor Guy A Richards, Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  55. Oxidative induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine formation by human monocyte-derived macrophages following exposure to manganesein vitro

    Article • Journal of Immunotoxicology, May 2014, Taylor & Francis

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  56. Circulating Biomarkers of Immune Activation Distinguish Viral Suppression from Nonsuppression in HAART-Treated Patients with Advanced HIV-1 Subtype C Infection

    Article • Mediators of Inflammation, January 2014, Hindawi Publishing Corporation

    Dr Christopher John Seebregts, Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  57. The Beta-2-Adrenoreceptor Agonists, Formoterol and Indacaterol, but Not Salbutamol, Effectively Suppress the Reactivity of Human NeutrophilsIn Vitro

    Article • Mediators of Inflammation, January 2014, Wiley

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  58. Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor-1 Antagonists as Modulators of Innate Immune Cell Function

    Article • Journal of Immunology Research, January 2014, Hindawi Publishing Corporation

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  59. Can the anti-inflammatory activities of β2-agonists be harnessed in the clinical setting?

    Article • Drug Design Development and Therapy, November 2013, Taylor & Francis

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel, Professor Charles Feldman

  60. The prevalence of smoking and the knowledge of smoking hazards and smoking cessation strategies among HIV- positive patients in Johannesburg, South Africa

    Article • South African Medical Journal, September 2013, Health and Medical Publishing Group

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  61. Lack of efficacy of erythromycin in children with human immunodeficiency virus-related bronchiectasis – A randomised controlled trial

    Article • Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, July 2013, Elsevier

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  62. Lack of Efficacy of an Immunomodulatory Macrolide in Childhood HIV Related Bronchiectasis: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial

    Article • Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals, January 2013, OMICS Publishing Group

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  63. Overview of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and the Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in the Immunopathogenesis of Severe Pneumococcal Disease

    Article • Mediators of Inflammation, January 2013, Wiley

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  64. Manganese promotes increased formation of hydrogen peroxide by activated human macrophages and neutrophilsin vitro

    Article • Inhalation Toxicology, August 2012, Taylor & Francis

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  65. Effects of cigarette smoke condensate on pneumococcal biofilm formation and pneumolysin

    Article • European Respiratory Journal, June 2012, European Respiratory Society (ERS)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  66. Pathogen- and Host-Directed Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Macrolide Antibiotics

    Article • Mediators of Inflammation, January 2012, Hindawi Publishing Corporation

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  67. Characterization of the interactions of the pneumolysoid, Δ6 PLY, with human neutrophils in vitro

    Article • Vaccine, November 2011, Elsevier

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  68. Clofazimine: current status and future prospects

    Article • Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, October 2011, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  69. Calcium-dependent potentiation of the pro-inflammatory functions of human neutrophils by tigecycline in vitro

    Article • Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, October 2011, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  70. Interactive inhibitory effects of formoterol and montelukast on activated human neutrophils

    Article • European Respiratory Journal, April 2010, European Respiratory Society (ERS)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  71. Posaconazole attenuates leukotriene B4 release and uptake of calcium by chemoattractant-activated human neutrophils: a potential strategy to control neutrophil-mediated inflammation

    Article • Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, September 2009, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  72. Leukotrienes C4 and D4 sensitize human neutrophils for hyperreactivity to chemoattractants

    Article • Inflammation Research, January 2009, Springer Science + Business Media

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  73. Protein kinase C promotes restoration of calcium homeostasis to platelet activating factor-stimulated human neutrophils by inhibition of phospholipase C

    Article • Journal of Inflammation, January 2009, Springer Science + Business Media

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  74. Montelukast inhibits neutrophil pro‐inflammatory activity by a cyclic AMP‐dependent mechanism

    Article • British Journal of Pharmacology, December 2008, Wiley

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  75. Comparison of the Anti‐inflammatory Activities of Imidazole Antimycotics in Relation to Molecular Structure

    Article • Chemical Biology & Drug Design, August 2008, Wiley

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  76. Comparison of the effects of macrolides, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, tobramycin and fluoroquinolones, on the production of pneumolysin by Streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro

    Article • Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, September 2007, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  77. Itraconazole-mediated inhibition of calcium entry into platelet-activating factor-stimulated human neutrophils is due to interference with production of leukotriene B4

    Article • Clinical & Experimental Immunology, August 2007, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  78. Changes in serum cytokines after repeated bouts of downhill running

    Article • Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism, April 2007, Canadian Science Publishing

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  79. Clarithromycin alone and in combination with ceftriaxone inhibits the production of pneumolysin by both macrolide-susceptible and macrolide-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae

    Article • Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, November 2006, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  80. Vanadium promotes hydroxyl radical formation by activated human neutrophils

    Article • Free Radical Biology and Medicine, January 2006, Elsevier

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  81. Effects of clofazimine on potassium uptake by a Trk-deletion mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

    Article • Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, November 2005, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  82. Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-mediated shuttling between intracellular stores and the cytosol contributes to the sustained elevation in cytosolic calcium in FMLP-activated human neutrophils

    Article • Biochemical Pharmacology, June 2005, Elsevier

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  83. Taming the neutrophil: calcium clearance and influx mechanisms as novel targets for pharmacological control

    Article • Clinical & Experimental Immunology, May 2005, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  84. Pneumolysin-mediated activation of NFκB in human neutrophils is antagonized by docosahexaenoic acid

    Article • Clinical & Experimental Immunology, March 2005, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  85. Investigation into the relationship between calyculin A-mediated potentiation of NADPH oxidase activity and inhibition of store-operated uptake of calcium by human neutrophils

    Article • Biochemical Pharmacology, November 2004, Elsevier

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  86. Antimicrobial activity of clofazimine is not dependent on mycobacterial C-type phospholipases

    Article • Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, April 2004, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  87. Itraconazole antagonizes store-operated influx of calcium into chemoattractant-activated human neutrophils

    Article • Clinical & Experimental Immunology, March 2004, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  88. Endogenous adenosine regulates neutrophil pro-inflammatory activities by cyclic AMP-dependent accelerated clearance of cytosolic calcium

    Article • Inflammation Research, December 2002, Springer Science + Business Media

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  89. Dissociation of the PAF‐receptor from NADPH oxidase and adenylate cyclase in human neutrophils results in accelerated influx and delayed clearance of cytosolic calcium

    Article • British Journal of Pharmacology, May 2002, Wiley

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  90. Platelet‐activating factor and lyso‐PAF possess direct antimicrobial properties in vitro

    Article • Apmis, February 2002, Wiley

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  91. Vitamin E attenuates the injurious effects of bioactive phospholipids on human ciliated epitheliumin vitro

    Article • European Respiratory Journal, July 2001, European Respiratory Society (ERS)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  92. Pneumolysin Potentiates Production of Prostaglandin E2 and Leukotriene B4 by Human Neutrophils

    Article • Infection and Immunity, May 2001, ASM Journals

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  93. Proinflammatory Interactions of Pneumolysin with Human Neutrophils

    Article • The Journal of Infectious Diseases, February 2001, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  94. Accelerated calcium influx and hyperactivation of neutrophils in chronic granulomatous disease

    Article • Clinical & Experimental Immunology, February 2001, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  95. Antimycobacterial action of B4128, a novel tetramethylpiperidyl-substituted phenazine

    Article • Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, February 2001, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  96. Inhibition of potassium transport and growth of mycobacteria exposed to clofazimine and B669 is associated with a calcium-independent increase in microbial phospholipase A2 activity

    Article • Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, August 1999, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel

  97. The riminophenazines, clofazimine and B669, inhibit potassium transport in Gram-positive bacteria by a lysophospholipid-dependent mechanism

    Article • Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, January 1996, Oxford University Press (OUP)

    Prof Helen Carolyn Steel