All Stories

  1. Engineering opportunistic digital twins with lingua franca

    Article • Future Generation Computer Systems, May 2026, Elsevier

    Edward Lee

  2. Digital Transformation: A Great Science in the Making

    Article • Communications of the ACM, December 2025, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Seth Guikema, Tongxin Li, Ang Chen, Edward Lee

  3. Zero-Delay Cycles in Distributed Discrete-Event Systems using Lingua Franca

    Article • ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation, November 2025, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee, Marten Lohstroh, Anirudh Rengarajan

  4. Special Sessions - Predictable Timing Behavior in Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems

    Article • September 2025, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  5. Quasi-Static Scheduling for Deterministic Timed Concurrent Models on Multi-Core Hardware

    Article • ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, September 2025, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  6. Actors for Timing Analysis of Distributed Redundant Controllers

    Article • September 2025, Springer Science + Business Media

    Alessandro Vittorio Papadopoulos, Stefan Marksteiner, Edward Lee

  7. Logical Time in Actor Systems

    Article • September 2025, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  8. Improving the Efficiency of Coordinating Timed Events in Distributed Systems

    Article • June 2025, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  9. Layered Scheduling: Toward Better Real-Time Lingua Franca

    Article • IEEE Embedded Systems Letters, April 2025, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  10. Software-Defined Watchdog Timers for Cyber-Physical Systems

    Article • IEEE Embedded Systems Letters, April 2025, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  11. Toward Dynamism in Distributed Lingua Franca Programs

    Article • IEEE Embedded Systems Letters, April 2025, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  12. Worst-Case Performance for Real-Time Systems

    Article • Research Directions Cyber-Physical Systems, January 2025, Cambridge University Press

    Edward Lee

  13. Verify Engineering Models, Not Scientific Models

    Article • January 2025, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  14. Certainty vs. Intelligence

    Article • December 2024, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  15. Codesign of Reactor-Oriented Hardware and Software for Cyber-Physical Systems

    Article • ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems, November 2024, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  16. Deterministic Coordination across Multiple Timelines

    Article • ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, August 2024, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Marten Lohstroh, Edward Lee

  17. Efficient Parallel Reinforcement Learning Framework Using the Reactor Model

    Article • June 2024, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee, Marten Lohstroh

  18. Behavior Trees with Dataflow: Coordinating Reactive Tasks in Lingua Franca

    Article • April 2024, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Marten Lohstroh, Edward Lee

  19. Certainty or Intelligence: Pick One!

    Article • March 2024, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  20. Deep Neural Networks, Explanations, and Rationality

    Article • December 2023, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  21. Risk and Mitigation of Nondeterminism in Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems

    Article • September 2023, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee, Marten Lohstroh

  22. Towards Building Verifiable CPS using Lingua Franca

    Article • ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, September 2023, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Marten Lohstroh, Edward Lee

  23. Consistency vs. Availability in Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems

    Article • ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, September 2023, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee, Marten Lohstroh

  24. High-Performance Deterministic Concurrency using L ingua F ranca

    Article • ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization, August 2023, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Marten Lohstroh, Edward Lee

  25. Logical Time for Reactive Software

    Article • May 2023, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Marten Lohstroh, Edward Lee

  26. InterPRET: a Time-predictable Multicore Processor

    Article • May 2023, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Marten Lohstroh, Edward Lee

  27. Polyglot Modal Models through Lingua Franca

    Article • May 2023, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee, Marten Lohstroh

  28. Time-Sensitive Software

    Article • Research Directions Cyber-Physical Systems, January 2023, Cambridge University Press

    Edward Lee

  29. Generalizing Logical Execution Time

    Article • January 2022, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  30. Pragmatics Twelve Years Later: A Report on Lingua Franca

    Article • January 2022, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  31. A Programming Language for More Reliable and Predictable Concurrent Software

    Article • ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, July 2021, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee, Marten Lohstroh

  32. Determinism as a Property of Models

    Article • ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, July 2021, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  33. Programmable Logic Controllers in the Context of Industry 4.0

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, May 2021, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  34. Time for All Programs, Not Just Real-Time Programs

    Article • January 2021, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  35. Creating a Resilient IoT With Edge Computing

    Article • Computer, August 2019, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  36. Observation and Interaction

    Article • January 2019, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  37. How modeling in engineering differs from modeling in science

    Article • Communications of the ACM, December 2018, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  38. A Component Architecture for the Internet of Things

    Article • Proceedings of the IEEE, September 2018, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  39. Technology evolves more than it is designed

    Article • Communications of the ACM, August 2018, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  40. What Is Real Time Computing? A Personal View

    Article • IEEE Design and Test, April 2018, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  41. Models of Timed Systems

    Article • January 2018, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  42. Constructive Models of Discrete and Continuous Physical Phenomena

    Article • IEEE Access, January 2014, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  43. A modular formal semantics for Ptolemy

    Article • Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, July 2013, Cambridge University Press

    Edward Lee

  44. Cyber-physical system design contracts

    Article • April 2013, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  45. Compositionality in synchronous data flow

    Article • ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, March 2013, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Stavros Tripakis, Edward Lee

  46. An Axiomatization of the Theory of Generalized Ultrametric Semilattices of Linear Signals

    Article • January 2013, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  47. On Fixed Points of Strictly Causal Functions

    Article • January 2013, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  48. On the Verification of Timed Discrete-Event Models

    Article • January 2013, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  49. Verifying hierarchical Ptolemy II discrete-event models using Real-Time Maude

    Article • Science of Computer Programming, October 2012, Elsevier

    Edward Lee

  50. Viewpoints, formalisms, languages, and tools for cyber-physical systems

    Article • October 2012, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  51. A PRET microarchitecture implementation with repeatable timing and competitive performance

    Article • September 2012, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  52. A Heterogeneous Architecture for Evaluating Real-Time One-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics on FPGAs

    Article • April 2012, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  53. PtidyOS: A Lightweight Microkernel for Ptides Real-Time Systems

    Article • April 2012, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  54. Distributed Real-Time Software for Cyber–Physical Systems

    Article • Proceedings of the IEEE, January 2012, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  55. From Transitions to Executions

    Article • January 2012, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  56. Modeling Cyber–Physical Systems

    Article • Proceedings of the IEEE, January 2012, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  57. Multi-view Modeling and Pragmatics in 2020

    Article • January 2012, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  58. The Coroutine Model of Computation

    Article • January 2012, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  59. PTIDES model on a distributed testbed emulating smart grid real-time applications

    Article • December 2011, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  60. A practical ontology framework for static model analysis

    Article • October 2011, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  61. Heterogeneous actor modeling

    Article • October 2011, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  62. PRET DRAM controller

    Article • October 2011, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  63. Time-predictable and composable architectures for dependable embedded systems

    Article • October 2011, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  64. A model-based design methodology for cyber-physical systems

    Article • July 2011, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  65. A Theory of Synchronous Relational Interfaces

    Article • ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, July 2011, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  66. Network latency and packet delay variation in cyber-physical systems

    Article • June 2011, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  67. An introductory capstone design course on embedded systems

    Article • May 2011, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  68. Equation-Based Object-Oriented Modeling Languages and Tools

    Article • January 2011, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  69. A PRET architecture supporting concurrent programs with composable timing properties

    Article • November 2010, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  70. An introductory textbook on cyber-physical systems

    Article • October 2010, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  71. Exploring models of computation with ptolemy II

    Article • October 2010, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  72. Model-based specification of timing requirements

    Article • October 2010, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  73. Modeling and analyzing real-time multiprocessor systems

    Article • October 2010, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  74. Ptera

    Article • October 2010, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  75. Deploying Hard Real-Time Control Software on Chip-Multiprocessors

    Article • August 2010, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  76. CPS foundations

    Article • June 2010, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  77. Code Generation for Embedded Java with Ptolemy

    Article • January 2010, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  78. Disciplined Heterogeneous Modeling

    Article • January 2010, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  79. Introducing embedded systems: a cyber-physical approach

    Article • October 2009, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  80. On relational interfaces

    Article • October 2009, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  81. A disruptive computer design idea: Architectures with repeatable timing

    Article • October 2009, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  82. Classes and inheritance in actor-oriented design

    Article • ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, July 2009, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  83. Time-critical networking - Invited presentation

    Article • July 2009, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  84. PTIDES on flexible task graph

    Article • June 2009, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  85. Computing needs time

    Article • Communications of the ACM, May 2009, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  86. Heterogeneous composition of models of computation

    Article • Future Generation Computer Systems, May 2009, Elsevier

    Edward Lee

  87. Execution Strategies for PTIDES, a Programming Model for Distributed Embedded Systems

    Article • April 2009, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  88. The design and application of structured types in Ptolemy II

    Article • International Journal of Intelligent Systems, January 2009, Hindawi Publishing Corporation

    Edward Lee

  89. Scalable Semantic Annotation Using Lattice-Based Ontologies

    Article • January 2009, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  90. CPO semantics of timed interactive actor networks

    Article • Theoretical Computer Science, December 2008, Elsevier

    Edward Lee

  91. Advances in hardware design and implementation of signal processing systems [DSP Forum]

    Article • IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, November 2008, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  92. Predictable programming on a precision timed architecture

    Article • October 2008, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  93. An Automated Mapping of Timed Functional Specification to a Precision Timed Architecture

    Article • October 2008, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  94. Simulation and Implementation of the PTIDES Programming Model

    Article • October 2008, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  95. Cyber Physical Systems: Design Challenges

    Article • May 2008, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  96. Time is a Resource, and Other Stories

    Article • May 2008, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  97. Causality interfaces for actor networks

    Article • ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, April 2008, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  98. Real-Time Distributed Discrete-Event Execution with Fault Tolerance

    Article • April 2008, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  99. Keynote Speeches

    Article • October 2007, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  100. On Determinism in Event-Triggered Distributed Systems with Time Synchronization

    Article • October 2007, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  101. The Case for the Precision Timed (PRET) Machine

    Article • June 2007, CrossRef Test Account

    Edward Lee

  102. A Programming Model for Time-Synchronized Distributed Real-Time Systems

    Article • April 2007, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  103. Leveraging synchronous language principles for heterogeneous modeling and design of embedded systems

    Article • January 2007, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  104. Discrete Event Models: Getting the Semantics Right

    Article • December 2006, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  105. Incremental Checkpointing with Application to Distributed Discrete Event Simulation

    Article • December 2006, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  106. The Problem with Threads

    Article • Computer, May 2006, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  107. A causality interface for deadlock analysis in dataflow

    Article • January 2006, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  108. Beyond Zeno: Get on with It!

    Article • January 2006, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  109. Hyvisual: A Hybrid System Modeling Framework Based on Ptolemy II11This work was supported in part by the Center for Hybrid and Embedded Software Systems (CHESS) at UC Berkeley, which receives support from the National Science Foundation (NSF award No. ...

    Article • January 2006, Elsevier

    Edward Lee

  110. Letters

    Article • Computer, January 2006, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  111. Scientific workflow management and the Kepler system

    Article • Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience, December 2005, Wiley

    Edward Lee

  112. Absolutely positively on time: what would it take? [embedded computing systems

    Article • Computer, July 2005, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  113. Concurrent models of computation for embedded software

    Article • IEE Proceedings - Computers and Digital Techniques, January 2005, the Institution of Engineering and Technology (the IET)

    Edward Lee

  114. Counting interface automata and their application in static analysis of actor models

    Article • January 2005, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  115. The design and application of structured types in Ptolemy II

    Article • January 2005, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  116. A behavioral type system and its application in Ptolemy II

    Article • Formal Aspects of Computing, August 2004, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  117. Actor-Oriented Control System Design: A Responsible Framework Perspective

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, March 2004, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  118. The semantics and execution of a synchronous block-diagram language

    Article • Science of Computer Programming, July 2003, Elsevier

    Edward Lee

  119. Actor-Oriented Design of Embedded Hardware and Software Systems

    Article • Journal of Circuits System and Computers, June 2003, World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt

    Edward Lee

  120. Timed multitasking for real-time embedded software

    Article • IEEE Control Systems, February 2003, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  121. Taming heterogeneity - the Ptolemy approach

    Article • Proceedings of the IEEE, January 2003, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  122. A component-based approach to modeling and simulating mixed-signal and hybrid systems

    Article • ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation, October 2002, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)

    Edward Lee

  123. Multidimensional synchronous dataflow

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, August 2002, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  124. Embedded Software

    Article • January 2002, Elsevier

    Edward Lee

  125. What's ahead for embedded software?

    Article • Computer, September 2000, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  126. Advances in the dataflow computational model

    Article • Parallel Computing, December 1999, Elsevier

    Edward Lee

  127. Hierarchical finite state machines with multiple concurrency models

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, June 1999, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  128. Article • The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems for Signal Image and Video Technology, January 1999, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  129. A framework for comparing models of computation

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, January 1998, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  130. Engineering an education for the future

    Article • Computer, January 1998, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  131. Compile-time scheduling of dynamic constructs in dataflow program graphs

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Computers, July 1997, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  132. Optimizing synchronization in multiprocessor DSP systems

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, June 1997, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  133. Design of embedded systems: formal models, validation, and synthesis

    Article • Proceedings of the IEEE, March 1997, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  134. Capacity penalty due to ideal zero-forcing decision-feedback equalization

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, July 1996, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  135. Dataflow process networks

    Article • Proceedings of the IEEE, May 1995, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  136. Generating compact code from dataflow specifications of multirate signal processing algorithms

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Fundamental Theory and Applications, March 1995, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  137. Software synthesis for DSP using ptolemy

    Article • The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems for Signal Image and Video Technology, January 1995, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  138. Looped schedules for dataflow descriptions of multirate signal processing algorithms

    Article • Formal Methods in System Design, December 1994, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  139. Memory management for dataflow programming of multirate signal processing algorithms

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, May 1994, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  140. Scheduling synchronous dataflow graphs for efficient looping

    Article • The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems for Signal Image and Video Technology, December 1993, Springer Science + Business Media

    Edward Lee

  141. Declustering: a new multiprocessor scheduling technique

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, June 1993, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  142. Simulation of multipath impulse response for indoor wireless optical channels

    Article • IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, April 1993, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  143. A compile-time scheduling heuristic for interconnection-constrained heterogeneous processor architectures

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, January 1993, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  144. High-speed nondirective optical communication for wireless networks

    Article • IEEE Network, November 1991, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  145. Consistency in dataflow graphs

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, April 1991, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  146. Compile-time scheduling and assignment of data-flow program graphs with data-dependent iteration

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Computers, January 1991, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  147. Gabriel: a design environment for DSP

    Article • IEEE Micro, October 1990, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  148. Programmable DSPs: a brief overview

    Article • IEEE Micro, October 1990, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  149. Performance of coherent optical receivers

    Article • Proceedings of the IEEE, January 1990, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  150. Gabriel: a design environment for DSP

    Article • IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, January 1989, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  151. Programmable DSP architectures. I

    Article • IEEE ASSP Magazine, October 1988, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee

  152. A Constructive Fixed-Point Theorem and the Feedback Semantics of Timed Systems

    Article • Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    Edward Lee